<p>Yding Skovhøj in Horsens municipality, Jutland is one of Denmarks highest points. Its height is 172.54 m above sea level when the height of one of the Bronze Age burial mounds built on the top of the hill is included. If these man-made structures are ignored the hills highest point is at 170.77 m, which is 9 cm lower than Denmarks highest natural point, Møllehøj at 170.86 m. Ejer Bavnehøj is Denmarks third highest natural point at 170.35 m.</p><br>
<p>Yding Forest covers the hill. Within the forest there are three Bronze Age burial mounds. Høj, from the Old Norse word haugr, can be translated to mean hill or mound. The highest point is the central mound. The eastern burial mound is 171.73 m high and the western one is 171.41 m high.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Ejer Bavnehøj had been measured as the highest point in Denmark in the mid-nineteenth century but in 1941 new measurements established that the top of one of Yding Skovhøjs burial mounds was higher. This started a heated discussion about whether man-made structures could be counted as part of Denmarks highest point which finished with Professor N.E. Nørlund defining the highest point as being the highest natural point, without including the height of man-made piles of earth. As Ejer Bavnehøj was higher than the highest natural point of Yding Skovhøj it was then regarded as being Denmark&#39;s highest point until February 2005 when researchers discovered that in reality Møllehøj was slightly taller.</p><br>
<p>Ben More  is the highest mountain and only Munro  on the Isle of Mull, Scotland.</p><br>
<p>It is the highest peak in the Inner Hebrides apart from those on the Isle of Skye. The mountain is situated in the south of the island, above the shores of Loch na Keal.</p><br>
<h2>Access and climbing route</h2><br>
<p>The peak is easiest reached from Loch na Keal, the walk up from the B8035 road following farm tracks, the side of a stream; Abhainn Dhiseig, and ultimately up scree slopes to the top. From the summit on a clear day, the view encompasses the Sound of Mull, Staffa, Ulva, the Ross of Mull and Iona in the distance. From sea loch to summit is approximately a four-hour walk.</p><br>
<p>The more demanding but rewarding route follows a boggy path up the banks of Abhainn na h-Uamha to the bealach between A Chìoch ("The Breast") and Beinn Fhada (not to be confused with its namesake in Kintail). From the bealach the route follows South West along a steep and rocky ridge first to the peak of A Chìoch then on and up to Ben More itself. There is respite at the top in a circular refuge of stones. This route starts and ends on the B8035 road and is approximately a 6-hour walk and scramble.</p><br>
<p>Climbers should be cautious when using a compass in misty conditions since there is magnetic rock in places, especially near the summit of the mountain.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Around 60 million years ago, the region was volcanically active, with Ben More being the remnant of a volcano, and it was in this period that the famous rock formations of Staffa and the basaltic columns of "The Castles" on Ulva came into being. The lava flows are known as the "Staffa Magma Type member" and can also be seen on Mull at Carsaig, Ardtum, and near Tobermory on its east coast. They are particularly rich in silica.</p><br>
<p>Sanxingdui is the name of an archaeological site and the previously unknown Bronze Age culture for which it is the type site. Sanxingdui is now believed to be the site of a major ancient Chinese city in what is now Sichuan, China. The Bronze Age culture which was first discovered in 1929 and then re-discovered in 1986 when archaeologists excavated remarkable artifacts, that radiocarbon dating dated as being from the 12th-11th centuries BCE. The culture that produced these artifacts is now known as the Sanxingdui Culture, and archeologists are identifying it with the ancient kingdom of Shu. The artifacts are displayed in the Sanxingdui Museum located near the city of Guanghan.</p><br>
<p>The discovery at Sanxingdui, as well as other discoveries such as the Xingan tombs in Jiangxi, challenges the traditional narrative of Chinese civilization spreading from the central plain of the Yellow River, and Chinese archaeologists have begun to speak of "multiple centers of innovation jointly ancestral to Chinese civilization."</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>Many Chinese archaeologists have identified the Sanxingdui culture to be part of the ancient kingdom of Shu, linking the artifacts found at the site to its early legendary kings. References to a Shu kingdom that can be reliably dated to such an early period in Chinese historical records are scant (it is mentioned in Shiji and Shujing as an ally of the Zhou who defeated the Shang), but accounts of the legendary kings of Shu may be found in local annals.</p><br>
<p>According to the Chronicles of Huayang compiled in the Jin Dynasty (265–420), the Shu kingdom was founded by Cancong. Cancong was described as having protruding eyes, a feature that is found in the figures of Sanxingdui. Other eye-shaped objects were also found which might suggest worship of the eyes. Other rulers mentioned in Chronicles of Huayang include Boguan, Yufu, and Duyu. Many of the objects are fish and bird-shaped, and these have been suggested to be totems of Boguan and Yufu (the name Yufu actually means fish cormorant), and the clan of Yufu has been suggested as the one most likely to be associated with Sanxingdui.</p><br>
<p>Discoveries have also since been made at Jinsha, which is located 40 km away and has close link with the Sanxingdui Culture. It is thought to be the relocated capital of the Shu Kingdom. It has also been suggested that the Jinsha site may be the hub and capital of Duyu clan.</p><br>
<h3>Archaeological site</h3><br>
<p>The Sanxingdui archaeological site is located about 4 km northeast of Nanxing Township, Guanghan, Deyang, Sichuan Province. Archaeological digs at the site showed evidence of of a walled city founded 1,600 BCE. The trapezoidal city has an east wall 2,000 m, south wall 2,000 m, west wall 1,600 m enclosing 3.6 km, similar in scale to the inner city of the Zhengzhou Shang City.</p><br>
<p>The city was built on the banks of the Yazi River, and enclosed part of its tributary, Mamu River, within the city walls. The city walls were 40 m at the base and 20 m at the top and varied in height from 8–10 m. There was a smaller set of inner walls.</p><br>
<p>The walls were surrounded by canals 25–20 m wide and 2–3 m deep. These canals were used for irrigation, inland navigation, defense, and flood control. The city was divided into residential, industrial and religious districts organized around a dominant central axis. It is along this axis that most of the pit burial have been found on four terraces. The structures were timber framed adobe rectangular halls. The largest was a meeting hall about 200 m.</p><br>
<h3>Discovery</h3><br>
<p>Evidence of an ancient culture in this region was first found in 1929 when a farmer unearthed a large stash of jade relics while digging a well, many of which then found their way through the years into the hands of private collectors. Generations of Chinese archaeologists searched the area without success until 1986, when workers accidentally found sacrificial pits containing thousands of gold, bronze, jade, and pottery artifacts that had been broken (perhaps ritually disfigured), burned, and carefully buried. The first sacrificial pit was found on the site of the Lanxing Second Brick Factory on July 18, 1986. The second sacrificial pit was found a little less than a month later on August 14, 1986 only 20–30 meters from the first one.</p><br>
<p>Bronze objects found in the second sacrificial pit included male sculptures, animal-faced sculptures, bells, decorative animals such as dragons, snakes, chicks, and birds, and axes. Tables, masks and belts were some of the objects found made out of gold while objects made out of jade included axes, tablets, rings, knives and tubes. There was also a large amount of ivory and clamshells. Researchers were astonished to find an artistic style that was completely unknown in the history of Chinese art, whose baseline had been the history and artifacts of the Yellow River civilization(s).</p><br>
<p>All the Sanxingdui discoveries aroused scholarly interest, but the bronzes were what excited the world. Task Rosen of the British Museum considered them to be more outstanding than the Terracotta Army in Xi&#39;an. The first exhibits of Sanxingdui bronzes were held in Beijing (1987, 1990) and the Olympic Museum in Lausanne (1993). Sanxingdui exhibits traveled worldwide, and tickets were sold out everywhere; from the Hybary Arts Museum in Munich (1995), the Swiss National Museum in Zurich (1996), the British Museum in London (1996), the National Museum of Denmark in Copenhagen (1997), the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York (1998), several museums in Japan (1998), the National Palace Museum in Taipei (1999), to the Asian Civilisations Museum in Singapore (2007).</p><br>
<p>Nevertheless, despite the interest in the excavated finds, the site itself suffered from flooding and pollution, and was for this reason included in the 1996 World Monuments Watch by the World Monuments Fund. For the preservation of the site, funding was offered by American Express to construct a protective dike. Also, in 1997, the opened near the original site.</p><br>
<h2>Sanxingdui Culture</h2><br>
<p>The culture of the Sanxingdui site is thought to be divided into several phases. The Sanxingdui Culture which corresponds to periods II-III of the site, was a mysterious civilization in southern China. This culture is contemporaneous with the Shang Dynasty, however they developed a different method of bronze-making from the Shang. The first phase which corresponds to period I of the site belongs to the Baodun, and the final phase (period IV) the culture merged with Ba and Chu cultures. The Sanxingdui culture ended, possibly either as a result of natural disasters (evidence of massive flooding were found), or invasion by a different culture.</p><br>
<p>The culture was a strong central theocracy with trade links to bronze from Yin and ivory from Southeast Asia. Such evidence of independent cultures in different regions of China defies the traditional theory that the Yellow River was the sole "cradle of Chinese civilization."</p><br>
<h3>Metallurgy</h3><br>
<p>This ancient culture had a well developed bronze casting culture which permitted the manufacture of many impressive articles, for instance, the world&#39;s oldest life-size standing human statue (260 cm high, 180 kg), and a bronze tree with birds, flowers, and ornaments (396 cm), which some have identified as renderings of the fusang tree of Chinese mythology.</p><br>
<p>The most striking finds were dozens of large bronze masks and heads (at least six with gold foil masks originally attached) represented with angular human features, exaggerated almond-shaped eyes, some with protruding pupils, and large upper ears. Many Sanxingdui bronze faces had traces of paint smears: black on the disproportionately large eyes and eyebrows, and vermillion on the lips, nostrils, and ear holes. Vermillion is interpreted "not be coloring but something ritually offered for the head to taste, smell, and hear (or something that gave it the power to breathe, hear, and speak)." Based upon the design of these heads, archeologists believe they were mounted on wooden supports or totems, perhaps dressed in clothing. Liu Yang concludes "masked ritual played a vital role in community life of the ancient Sanxingdui inhabitants", and characterizes these bronze ritual masks as something that may have worn by a shi 尸 (lit. "corpse") "personator, impersonator; ceremonial representative of a dead relative".</p><br>
<p>The shi was generally a close, young relative who wore a costume (possibly including a mask) reproducing the features of the dead person. The shi was an impersonator, that is, a person serving as a reminder of the ancestor to whom sacrifice was being offered. During such a ceremony, the impersonator was much more than an actor in a drama. Although the exact meaning may have been different, the group of Sanxingdui masked figures in bronze all have the character of an impersonator. It is likely the masks were used to impersonate and identify with certain supernatural beings in order to effect some communal good.</p><br>
<p>Another scholar compares these "bulging-eyed, big-eared bronze heads and masks" with "eye-idols" (effigies with large eyes and open mouths designed to induce hallucinations) in Julian Jaynes&#39;s bicameral hypothesis; and proposes, "It is possible that southern Chinese personators wore these hypnotic bronze masks, recursively representing the spirit of a dead ancestor with a mask that represents a face disguised by a mask."</p><br>
<p>Other bronze artifacts include birds with eagle-like bills, tigers, a large snake, zoomorphic masks, bells, and what appears to be a bronze spoked wheel but is more likely to be decoration from an ancient shield. Apart from bronze, Sanxingdui finds included jade artifacts consistent with earlier Chinese neolithic cultures, such as cong and zhang.</p><br>
<h3>Cosmology</h3><br>
<p>As far back as Neolithic times, the Chinese identified the four quadrants of the sky with animals: Azure Dragon of the East, Vermillion Bird of the South, White Tiger of the West, and Black Tortoise of the North. Each of these Four Symbols (Chinese constellation) was associated with a constellation that was visible in the relevant season: the dragon in the spring, the bird in the summer, etc. Since these four animals — birds, dragons, snakes and tigers — predominate the finds at Sanxingdui, the bronzes could represent the universe. It is unclear whether they formed part of ritual events designed to communicate with the spirits of the universe (or ancestral spirits). As no written records remain it is difficult to determine the intended uses of objects found. Some believe that the continued prevalence of depictions of these animals, especially in the later Han period, was an attempt by humans to "fit into" their understanding of their world. (The jades that were found at Sanxingdui also seem to correlate with the six known types of ritual jades of ancient China, again each associated with a compass point (N, S, E, W) plus the heavens and earth.)</p><br>
<h2>Images</h2><br>
<p>The Burgundy Canal  is a canal in Burgundy in central eastern France. It connects the river Yonne at Migennes with the Saône at Saint-Jean-de-Losne. Construction began in 1775 and was completed in 1832. The canal connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea via the Seine and the Yonne to the Saône and Rhône.</p><br>
<p>The canal is 242 km long, with 189 locks. There were originally 191 lock basins but the double staircase locks at Migennes (114-115Y) and Germigny (106-107Y) had the uppermost set of gates removed the lower chamber raised, for form single locks, though twice as deep as a standard lock (5m13 and 5m14 instead of the usual 2.50 - 3m).</p><br>
<p>The canal passes through the departments of Yonne and Côte-d&#39;Or. Its summit level is at Pouilly-en-Auxois, 378m above sea level. At this point the canal passes through a tunnel which is 3,333 metres long. The lowest point is at the junction with the Yonne at 79 m above sea level.</p><br>
<h2>Canal description</h2><br>
<p>The canal begins at Migennes where the former double staircase lock gives access from the Yonne to a large basin. For the next 100 km the canal follows the valley of the Armançon river. This is a centuries-old route towards the south-east and, which is why the canal is closely followed by road and railway. The first lock after leaving Migennes, Cheny (113Y), is one of the few electric locks to be found on the canal. After 9 km the canal arrives in Brienon-sur-Armançon with its recently built grain silos which permit the loading of barges and trains. The canal then heads off towards St Florentin with its aqueduct over the Armance river and the impressive church overlooking the lower town.</p><br>
<p>After the former double lock at Germigny (107-106Y) and Egrevin lock (105Y) the canal runs alongside the D905 (formerly N5) road. This pound suffered exceptional damage with almost all of the trees being blown down during the great storm of 26 December 1999. The canal continues through Flogny-la-Chapelle, somewhat surprisingly leaves Burgundy for a short stretch (1.5 km) as it passes through Charrey in the Aube department (Champagne-Ardenne region) and heads to the town of Tonnerre, famous for the Fosse Dionne spring and the birthplace of the Chevalier d&#39;Eon.</p><br>
<p>Leaving Tonnerre the canal closely follows the Armançon and meanders due to hills situated between Tonnerre and Ancy-le-Franc. The canal passes through the village of Commissey before arriving in Tanlay with its impressive Renaissance château. At Lézinnes boats meet a series of six electrified locks, taking them past a cement works and more grain silos at Pacy-sur-Armançon and on to Ancy-le-Franc. Here the tourist can visit the famous 16th-century château set in its vast grounds.</p><br>
<p>Leaving Ravières there is an extremely difficult pound which suffers from intense growth of aquatic weeds and which can cause fouling of the propeller. Immediately after is situated the small village of Cry-sur-Armançon, site of the Acrobatix Adventure Park.</p><br>
<p>After passing through Aisy the canal enters the Côte-d&#39;Or department. It then runs through Buffon past the great ironwork forge built by the Comte de Buffon in the 18th century. It is then merely a short trip until arrival in the town of Montbard. Nearby is the Abbey of Fontenay. The canal is now running through the wide, flat plain of the river Brenne. Eight locks and 13 km after Montbard the canal arrives in Venarey-les-Laumes situated close to the village of Alise-Sainte-Reine thought to be the site of the Battle of Alesia.</p><br>
<p>At this point the geography changes dramatically. The railway carries on straight towards Dijon, climbing the steep Burgundy escarpment which it crosses by means of a 4.1 km long tunnel at Blaisy-Bas. The canal on the other hand has to divert southwards passing through 40 locks in the space of 14 km. It then reaches more friendly ground before the final approach to the summit at Pouilly-en-Auxois. Here there is a large, fully equipped port close to the centre of town.</p><br>
<p>The canal then runs through a tree-lined cutting before entering the 3-kilometre long tunnel. Boats must be fitted with a fixed or hand-held spotlight to pass through, following a fatal accident a number of years ago inside the tunnel itself. Emerging near the village of Créancey the canal begins to drop, passing close to the A6 autoroute, past the villages of Vandenesse and Châteauneuf before meeting the River Ouche at Pont d&#39;Ouche where there are moorings for boats wishing to lay up for the winter. Nearby is the small town of Bligny-sur-Ouche where there is a butterfly museum and a narrow-gauge railway built on the trackbed of a line leading from the mining town of Epinac to loading staithes on the canal. The canal now changes direction from SE to NNE running through the very pretty valley of the River Ouche as it makes its way towards Dijon, the capital of the Burgundy region. On arrival in Plombières-lès-Dijon the canal turns SE passing close to Lac Kir, a man-made lake used for leisure activities, named after Canon Félix Kir, a former mayor of Dijon and after whom is named the white wine and crème de cassis drink known as Kir.</p><br>
<p>On leaving the port of Dijon and running past the SNCF depot at Perrigny and the airport at Longvic the canal enters the wide and relatively flat valley of the Saône. In the final 30 kilometres the canal is totally straight apart from a slight turn near Thorey-en-Plaine and the main activity of the area is now farming. Shortly after passing by Brazey-en-Plaine the canal reaches its end at Saint-Jean-de-Losne, the largest inland pleasure port in France, where it joins the River Saône.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Construction of the canal was already under consideration as early as 1605, during the reign of Henry IV. Difficulties were foreseen in crossing the Morvan Massif, however. In addition to the route finally selected, studies were made for various other routes, all of them passing further to the north. In the end, however, it was decided that the canal should follow the valleys of the Rivers Armançon and Ouche. Louis XV signed an edict for the canal&#39;s construction on 7 September 1773. In 1774 it was stipulated that the crown would pay for the section running to the River Yonne while the other half, towards the Saône, would be funded by the Estates of Burgundy. In 1775 the total cost was estimated at 7.18 Million French pounds.</p><br>
<p>Work began in 1777 on the Laroche-Tonnerre section. In 1781 work started from the other end, between Dijon and the Saône. During the early years of the French Revolution, between 1790 and 1795 progress on the construction slowed and then stopped. Work resumed only in 1808 after a Napoleonic degree announced the sale to private companies of four major existing canals in order to finance further canal construction.</p><br>
<p>1808 saw the opening of the section between Laroche and Dijon, thereby providing access to the Saône and so, indirectly, to the Rhône valley. At this time the challenge of how the canal should cross the Drainage divide between the Saône and the Yonne valleys was still being argued, but in 1812 the adopted solution involved a tunnel and the creation of reservoirs to feed water into the higher pounds of the canal. The tunnel was built between 1826 and 1832, and in 1832 the entire canal was opened for navigation, although work on the important feeder reservoirs was not completed till 1840.</p><br>
<p>Between 1879 and 1882 work was completed, where necessary, to increase lock sizes to conform to the Freycinet standard, after which it became possible to move barges of up to 250 tonnes displacement, and up to 38.50 metres long on the canal.</p><br>
<p>The Canal de Bourgogne was, when built, an engineering triumph. Commercial usage never quite reached the levels that its promoters had envisaged, however. Traffic grew between 1832 and 1850, by when 43.5 million tonnes were being carried annually, but thereafter growth tailed off and volumes were disappointing. There were various reasons for this:</p><br>
<p>Even after work had been completed on enlarging the locks, in 1882, the canals size remained a constraint on volumes, notably at Pouilly-en-Auxois, where the tunnels one-way only traffic lengthened journey times and reduced flexibility for canal users (the tugboat that towed the convoys of péniches can still be seen at Pouilly-en-Auxois.)</p><br>
<p>Competition from railways had not been foreseen when the canal was built, and was still a future threat when it was completed in 1832. However, between 1847 and 1852, the Paris–Marseille railway, its strategic and economic importance highlighted by its designation as an "impériale" communications artery, made it possible to transport goods much more rapidly and in very much larger volumes than could be achieved using the canal.</p><br>
<p>The canal was experimentally taken over by the Région Bourgogne in 2010, but after two years returned to VNF’s management. It carries very little traffic, and the region baulked at the rehabilitation expenditure to be committed.</p><br>
<h2>Users</h2><br>
<p>Commercial barge traffic is restricted to the two extremities; between St Jean de Losne and Dijon in the south and from Migennes to Brienon in the north. Otherwise traffic is restricted to three types of user: privately owned boats (now the most important user group), hire craft, in decline due to the closure of several hire bases in recent years, and hotel barges, mainly centred on the Ouche valley in the south as in recent years those in the north have chosen to operate on the Yonne and the Canal du Nivernais, partly because of maintenance problems on the Burgundy Canal.</p><br>
<h2>En route</h2><br>
<p>PK 0 Laroche-Migennes</p><br>
<p>PK 19 Saint-Florentin</p><br>
<p>PK 45 Tonnerre</p><br>
<p>PK 74 Ancy-le-Franc</p><br>
<p>PK 102 Montbard</p><br>
<p>PK 115 Venarey-les-Laumes</p><br>
<p>PK 155 Pouilly-en-Auxois</p><br>
<p>PK 213 Dijon</p><br>
<p>PK 242 Saint-Jean-de-Losne</p><br>
<p>Flagstones is a late Neolithic interrupted ditch enclosure  on the outskirts of Dorchester, Dorset, England. It derives its name from having been discovered beneath the site of the demolished Flagstones House. Half of it was excavated in the 1980s when the Dorchester by-pass was built; the rest of it still exists under the grounds of Max Gate, Thomas Hardy&#39;s house.</p><br>
<h2>The Druid Stone</h2><br>
<p>In March 1891 workmen were digging under the lawn at Thomas Hardy&#39;s house at Max Gate when they discovered a large sarsen stone three feet underground. It took seven men with levers to raise the stone which had been lying flat. Hardy would write about the stone in his poem "The Shadow on the Stone". It was only when the enclosure was discovered in the 1980s that it was realised that the sarsen stone came from a larger monument.</p><br>
<h2>Excavations</h2><br>
<p>Around half of the enclosure was excavated in 1987-8. The part of the enclosure in the grounds of Flagstones House was excavated by Wessex Archaeology, and then the grounds were totally removed to make a deep cutting for the Dorchester by-pass road. The other half still exists under the grounds of Max Gate.</p><br>
<p>The enclosure comprised a circular ring of unevenly spaced pits constructed in the late 4th millennium BC. The chalk walls of some of the pit/ditch segments featured engraved designs, probably cut with flint. An adult cremation and two child inhumations were found at the bottom of ditch sections, each beneath a slab of sandstone or sarsen. A young man had been buried in a later Early Bronze Age tumulus in the centre of the enclosure. Carbon dating of the remains put the building of the enclosure at around 3486–2886 BC with the central burial dating to around a thousand years later. The central mound seems to have subsequently acted as a focus for much flint-knapping.</p><br>
<p>A large henge enclosure known as Mount Pleasant henge lies around 500 metres to the east, whereas Maumbury Rings lie about 1500 metres to the west.</p><br>
<p>Mount Pleasant henge is a Neolithic henge enclosure in the English county of Dorset. It lies southeast of Dorchester in the civil parish of West Stafford. It still partially survives as an earthwork.</p><br>
<p>Rather like other superhenge sites such as Durrington Walls much of the earthworks have been ploughed or weathered away and it was not rediscovered until Stuart Piggott visited the area in 1936. On finding the site they diagnosed it as a henge as its bank was outside its ditch and a later Bronze Age barrow (known as Conquer Barrow) had been placed on top of the bank. The enclosure is egg-shaped, measuring 370 m along its long axis and dates to 2878-2470 cal BC.</p><br>
<p>A geophysical survey in 1969 identified entrances to the henge enclosure and a smaller inner henge enclosure at the south western end of 45 m diameter. Excavation in the 1960s revealed little material in the henge ditch though some fragments of grooved ware and children&#39;s skeletons were found. The inner enclosure however contained large numbers of postholes. The holes were arranged in five concentric rings with a cross-shaped layout of aisles leading into the centre. Within the aisles were further holes interpreted as being for stones. This inner feature was similar to timber circle features at The Sanctuary and Woodhenge.</p><br>
<p>A narrow, 2 m deep palisade trench was also found running around the inside of the larger henge. Consisting of large oak timbers placed at 50 cm intervals it would have served as a huge barrier to the middle of the site. Evidence that the timber posts that had stood in the trench were burnt was also seen. The excavator, Geoffrey Wainwright estimated that 1600 timbers had stood in the trench, enclosing an area of 45,000 m². Two entrances were found in the palisade, each only 1m wide. The timber enclosure was built around 500 years after the outer henge enclosure and caused the builders to remodel the enclosure earthworks.</p><br>
<p>The henge enclosure is the type site for the Mount Pleasant Period of the later Neolithic.</p><br>
<p>Ko Kham  is a small island near Ko Mak, in Trat Province, Thailand.</p><br>
<p>It can be reached with a sea kayak from Ko Mak or by walking during low tide. Ko Kham has nice places to snorkel, depending on the direction of wind. Especially the south beach has calm sea, a nice sand dune, black lava rocks with shells, and crabs (or crayfish or shellfish). Near rocks, you may see (or swim over) black sea urchins that have 15 - radius and many thin black spines about 30 - long. Locals say that the spines contain small needles and poison: if one touches the spines and is stuck by a needle, the needle should be crushed with a rock. The poison is only irritating and not lethal. In Thai, the name is hoi men (หอยเม่น).</p><br>
<p>Koh Kham underwater Park is an island in the Northeastern gulf of Thailand in Trat province. It is located to the west of Koh Samae San and 9 km to the south of Sattahip District. Its physical shape looks like H alphabet with the area of 16 yards. It has 2 main coastal beach there is one in the north of the island which has a delicate sand appropriate for swimming and recreational activities and another one in the south of the island that has rough sand, a lot of irregular shaped rocks appropriate for taking a photo. Koh Kham became one of the conserved islands governed by Department of Civil Affairs, First Naval Area Command in 2009 when Koh Kham underwater park was found.</p><br>
<p>The prominent point of Koh Kham besides beautiful scenery and resources is that it is the first place where polluted corals from nearby islands are transferred for curing and conserving them processing by First Naval Area Command and also collaborating with Department of marine science Chulalongkorn University, Kasetsart University and Burapha University.</p><br>
<p>The survey results show that many corals recover from pollution and grow naturally as usual. Many tourists and researchers visit Koh Kham to enjoy their vacation and to discover about marine ecosystem.</p><br>
<p>sea.html</p><br>
<p>kohkham-history.html</p><br>
<p>Lesser Slave Lake is located in central Alberta, Canada, northwest of Edmonton. It is the second largest lake entirely within Alberta boundaries , covering 1,160 km&sup2; and measuring over 100 km long and 15 km at its widest point. Lesser Slave Lake averages 11.4 m in depth and is 20.5 m at its deepest. It drains eastwards into the Athabasca River by way of the Lesser Slave River.</p><br>
<p>The town of Slave Lake is located at the eastern tip of the lake, around the outflow of Lesser Slave River.</p><br>
<h2>Conservation and development</h2><br>
<p>Due to its location on a major fly-way for migrating birds, Lesser Slave Lake is popular with birders. The nearby Lesser Slave Lake Provincial Park has lakeside camping facilities located along sand beaches, with some rocky beaches as well. Fishing is popular and legal. The entire north shore of the lake is protected, other reserves being Hilliard&#39;s Bay Provincial Park, Lesser Slave Lake Wildland and Grouard Trail Park Reserve.</p><br>
<p>Highway 2 and the Canadian National Railway follow the southern shore of the lake, and the Bicentennial Highway has its southernmost point at eastern end of the lake.</p><br>
<p>A number of Indian reserves are established at the shores of the lake:</p><br>
<p>Kapaweno First Nations Lands 150, 230 and 231 of the Kapaweno First Nation,</p><br>
<p>Sucker Creek 150a of the Sucker Creek Cree First Nation</p><br>
<p>Drift Pile River 150 of the Driftpile First Nation</p><br>
<p>Swan River 150e of the Swan River First Nation</p><br>
<p>Sawridge 150g and h Sawridge Band</p><br>
<h2>Accidents</h2><br>
<p>On February 14, 1968, a Cessna 182H CF-WUK plane crashed into the lake due to ice forming on the wings and causing the pilot to lose control. The pilot was a Graham James Cox, a former 501 Squadron Commander during World War 2. Both he and his two passengers died in the accident. The passengers were William Henry Lucus and Kenneth McIntosh McMillan.</p><br>
<p>On May 20, 2011, a Bell 212 helicopter crashed into the lake while fighting the 2011 Slave Lake fire. The pilot, 54-year-old Jean-Luc Deba of Montreal, died. On the one-year anniversary, a park at Canyon Creek was named in Deba&#39;s honor.</p><br>
<p>Long Meg and Her Daughters is a Bronze Age stone circle near Penrith in Cumbria, North West England. One of around 1,300 stone circles in the British Isles and Brittany, it was constructed as a part of a megalithic tradition that lasted from 3,300 to 900 BCE, during the Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age. The stone circle is the sixth-biggest example known from this part of north-western Europe, being slightly smaller than the rings at Stanton Drew in Somerset, the Ring of Brodgar in Orkney and Newgrange in County Meath.</p><br>
<p>It primarily consists of 59 stones (of which 27 remain upright) set in an oval shape measuring 340ft (100 m) on its long axis. There may originally have been as many as 70 stones. Long Meg herself is a 12ft (3.6 m) high monolith of red sandstone 80ft (25 m) to the southwest of the circle made by her Daughters. Long Meg is marked with examples of megalithic art including a cup and ring mark, a spiral and rings of concentric circles.</p><br>
<p>Infra-red aerial photography has identified several undated enclosures that seem to pre-date the Long Meg circle in the area. There is also the smaller stone circle of Little Meg (Maughanby) close by.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Long Meg monolith and accompanying circle forms one part of a complex of monuments in the Penrith area that includes, as well as the nearby Little Meg circle, a smaller circle seen by Stukeley in 1725 to the south-west, no longer extant, plus the impressive henge at Mayburgh, a partly destroyed henge at nearby King Arthur&#39;s Round Table (KART), and a third, completely destroyed, henge just a few yards to the south of KART. The terrace upon which Long Meg and the circle sit extends along the Eden river to also include, besides Little Meg, the Glassonby Circle and Old Parks, all of which are decorated with rock art.</p><br>
<p>The stone circles, henges, cairns and other standing stones in the area are often grouped at nodes of communication routes. The Shap Stone Avenue to the south of Penrith, (including the Goggleby Stone, the Thunder Stone, Skellaw Hill, as well as Oddendale to the east), forms an avenue running to the east of the River Lowther along a main route to the north; the Long Meg complex runs alongside the River Eden; Mayburgh and the other henges run alongside the River Eamont near its confluence with the River Lowther.</p><br>
<p>Long Meg and her Daughters lie on a terrace above water, immediately to the south of a ditched enclosure that runs round the present farm. This ditch seems to pre-date the circle of stones, as the latter is deliberately flattened to take the enclosure into account. A spring lies just above the northern perimeter of the enclosure, and another spring may have existed within the enclosure itself. Another, smaller, enclosure lies to the south-east. Although the circle appears to have been built on a slope, Clare suggests that the large enclosure was made across a valley up to 16ft (5m) deep. This valley leads to the River Eden where deposits of gypsum are found. It is possible, therefore, like the henges at Thornborough in Yorkshire, that the banks of the ditched enclosure and the stone circle "may have been white."</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>The monument is 120yd (109m) x 100yd (93m) in diameter. Long Meg herself stands 80ft (25m) outside the circle, 20 ft (6m) above the farthest stone in the circle, " and is the tallest of the 69 stones at 12ft (c. 3.8m) high and weighing c.9 tons (tonnes)." The Long Meg monolith is of local red sandstone, probably from the River Eden or the nearby Lazonby hills, whereas the circle stones are of rhyolite and are glacial erratics. Two large blocks are placed to the east and west and there are two extra portal stones placed to the south-west. The placement of Long Meg is in the alignment between the centre of the circle and the point of the midwinter sunset. The south-west face of Long Meg has crystals in it, whereas the face looking towards the circle has spirals and other rock art inscribed on it.</p><br>
<p>The circle may have had a bank running round some of the stones at least, and the centre may have been scraped out to some extent.</p><br>
<p>Sir William Dugdale reported that there were two barrows of cobble-stones, nine or ten feet high in the centre of the circle. It is thought that these were later burials using cobbles from the surrounding area.</p><br>
<p>Four of the stones in the circle appear to be non-local and are formed of quartz crystal. They seem to have been deliberately selected and placed at specific points in the circle that mark certain calendrical events (sunsets and solstices related to the four seasons, for example). They work by standing outside the circle at the stone directly opposite to the quartz stone concerned. One alignment, at Samhain / All Souls&#39; Day, may involve Long Meg herself, a portal stone and one of the quartz stones.</p><br>
<p>The use of different coloured stones also seems to be significant - red, white and blue/gray predominate (Long Meg herself being of red sandstone). There might also be a red equinox stone on the east side of the Long Meg circle (as at Swinside and Castlerigg), involved in the Autumn and Vernal equinox sunrises and sunsets. The Long Meg stones may be involved not just with Solar timings, but also with Lunar ones as well (most northerly/southerly Moon rises and sets).</p><br>
<h2>Rock art</h2><br>
<p>The Long Meg monolith has motifs on the face looking towards the circle arranged in three sections. The markings include: in the centre, a cup at the centre of three rings, a spiral of four turns and various concentric arcs; in the lower section, three faint figures at the left-hand corner, an anti-clockwise spiral, cup and ring and various concentric arcs; in the upper section are faint rings, ovoids, spirals and other markings. Some of the stones in the circle itself have artificial markings on them as well.</p><br>
<h2>Dating and purpose</h2><br>
<p>The large ditched enclosure lying immediately to the north of the circle is probably Neolithic. In this respect, it may be of the same date as other enclosures found in Cumbria that include: Carrock Fell, Skelmore Heads, Howe Robin, and Green How. If the stone circle is later than the enclosure, it is likely to be of early Bronze Age.</p><br>
<p>There is the possibility that the Long Meg monolith was not contemporary with the stone circle.</p><br>
<p>Long Meg was something more than a burial place. However, the exact nature of the purpose of the monument is still a matter of conjecture. Clare summarises the various arguments concerning types, purpose, construction, size, layout, origins and dates, of Cumbrian stone circles and other monuments. His conclusion seems to be that the nature</p><br>
<p>of the monument, and others like it (such as at Swinside), suggests that they are "places where people came together, probably at certain times of the year. Amongst activities at such times, we might envisage ritual, social exchange and trade." The "certain times of the year" mentioned here would probably have been calculated using the suggested predictive calendar as outlined by Hood. The actual building of the circle, perhaps taking place in stages over time, might in itself have been one of the purposes of the monument.</p><br>
<h2>Folklore</h2><br>
<p>The most famous of the many legends that surround the stones is that they were once a coven of witches who were turned to stone by a wizard from Scotland named Michael Scot. It is said the stones cannot be counted - but, if anyone is able to count them twice and come to the same total - the spell will be broken or it will bring very bad luck. Another legend states that if you walk round the circles and count the number of stones correctly, then put your ear to Long Meg, you will hear her whisper. The name itself is said to come from a local witch, Meg of Meldon, who was alive in the early 17th century. From a certain angle, the Long Meg stone resembles the profile of a witch. Long animal bones found buried at the site may have been misinterpreted in the past as a Giants bone and body&#39;.</p><br>
<p>Lough Ennell  is a lake near the town of Mullingar, County Westmeath, Ireland. It is situated beside the N52 road, off the Mullingar/Kilbeggan road. It is approximately 4.5 mi long by 2 mi wide, with an area of about 3,540 acre. It has a huge area of shallow water with nearly two-thirds of its area being less than 25 feet  and almost half of it being under 10 ft deep. Lough Ennell produced Irelands largest ever lake brown trout at 26 lbs . Lough Ennell is dotted with islands, many of which have now become attached to the shoreline as the levels of the lake have changed. The main river flowing into Lough Ennell is the River Brosna, which enters on the Mullingar side of the lake and exits on the opposite side at Lilliput. Lilliput and Lilliput House were frequently used by Jonathan Swift as a holiday home and place to write, local tradition states that Jonathan Swift was in a boat on the lake when he looked back at Lilliput and noticed how small the people looked at that distance, hence the inspiration for his most famous book Gullivers Travels. Lilliput at the time was called "Nure" however after the publication of Gulliver&#39;s Travels locals began to refer to the lakeshore as Lilliput, the name stuck and today the area is known as Lilliput.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>ODonovans Ordnance Survey Letters trace the beginnings of the name Lough Ennell, or as it is known in Irish Loch Ainninn. According to tradition the present day Lough Ennell and Lough Owel derive their names from two brothers, Ainninn and Vair who lived at the lakes. They were sons of the Kings of the Fir Bolg, and it was at their respective lakes that Ainninn and Uair died giving the lakes their names. Over the years the name became anglicised to Lough Inill. In maps the name became Lough Ennell, Lough Enyn or Lough Enyll. When the Rochforts took the title as Lords of Belvedere they tried to change the name Lough Ennell to Lake Belvedere.</p><br>
<h2>Facilities</h2><br>
<p>The loughside has a caravan and camping park, boat hire facilities, hotels and restaurants and a fishery. Belvedere House is also an attraction and is managed by the County Council, it hosts a number of sporting and cultural events annually such as concerts and triathlons.</p><br>
<h2>Angling</h2><br>
<p>Lough Ennell fishery is part of the Shannon Regional Fisheries Board&#39;s Midland Fisheries Group of managed waters. Brown trout and pike are the main catches.</p><br>
<p>In recent times it appears that stocks of both game and course fish in the lake have been declining, there is speculation locally as to the reason for this.</p><br>
<h2>Sport</h2><br>
<p>Westmeath County Council has banned the use of jet skis on the lake. The prohibition came into effect in October 2006 and currently does not apply to speed boats.</p><br>
<p>The shores of Lough Ennell host Mullingar Golf Club, the local golf club to the north east of the lake.</p><br>
<p>The lake hosts Triathlons at Lilliput and Belvedere.</p><br>
<p>The Ogoki River is a river in the Thunder Bay and Cochrane Districts of Ontario.</p><br>
<p>The river flows northeast from lakes west of Lake Nipigon to Ogoki, where it joins the Albany River which empties into James Bay. The river is 480 km long. In 1943, the Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario, now the Ontario Power Generation, diverted a large part of the upper Ogoki to flow into Lake Nipigon and so to the Great Lakes. This diversion was intended to increase water flow at a hydroelectric plant at Niagara Falls, downstream of Lake Erie.</p><br>
<p>The Ogoki flows through Wabakimi Provincial Park and is used for canoeing and fishing.</p><br>
<p>The Ogoki Reservoir north of Lake Nipigon formed by a dam at Waboose Rapids is 70 km long and covers an area of approximately 150 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<p>The river was part of a canoe route from Hudson Bay to Lake Superior: James Bay, Albany River, Ogoki River, portage, Ombabika River, Lake Nipigon, Lake Superior.</p><br>
<p>Wheeler Peak is the highest natural point in the USA state of New Mexico. It is located northeast of Taos and south of Red River in the northern part of the state, and just 2 mi southeast of the ski slopes of Taos Ski Valley. It lies in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains, the southernmost subrange of the Rocky Mountains. The peak&#39;s elevation is 13,167 ft.</p><br>
<p>Formerly named Taos Peak, after the nearby town of Taos, New Mexico, it was renamed Wheeler Peak in 1950. A plaque at the summit states that the mountain was:</p><br>
<p>Named in honor of Major George Montague Wheeler (1842–1905) who for ten years led a party of surveyors and naturalists collecting geologic, biologic, planimetric and topographic data in New Mexico and six other southwestern states.</p><br>
<h2>Nearby peaks and features</h2><br>
<p>Just north of Wheeler Peak is Mount Walter. At 13,141 ft it is the second highest named summit in New Mexico, but it is not usually considered an independent peak as it has only about 53 ft of topographic prominence. It is sometimes mistaken for Wheeler Peak, since it is along the standard route to Wheeler. Lake Fork Peak at 12,881 ft lies just across Williams Lake and to the west of Wheeler Mountain.</p><br>
<p>Taos Ski Valley lies to the northwest of Wheeler Peak, while both the town of Taos and Taos Pueblo are about 15 mi to the southwest.</p><br>
<p>Wheeler Peak is the focus of the 19,661 acre Wheeler Peak Wilderness area in the Carson National Forest. Much of the mountain area just south of the peak is on Taos Pueblo land. Some 48,000 acre was returned to the pueblo from the Carson National Forest in 1970</p><br>
<p>and another 764 acre in 1996.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing</h2><br>
<p>The standard route on Wheeler Peak is along the north ridge. The route starts at the parking lot for Taos Ski Valley, and proceeds east along an old road to a broad saddle at Bull-of-the-Woods Meadow. It then turns south and winds its way among minor peaks and small valleys to gain Wheeler Peak from the north, going over the summit of Mount Walter along the way. This is a practical route, even in winter, due to low (but nonzero) avalanche exposure.</p><br>
<p>An alternate route is to hike south from Taos Ski Valley to Williams Lake, then take a newly constructed switchback trail to the top. This trail was completed in 2011 by a Forest Service trail crew from the Gallatin National Forest, 8 people working 12 hours per day, building 4 miles of new trail with hand tools to the top in 14 days.</p><br>
<p>Another alternate route is to begin from the nearby ski resort of Red River. From the town of Red River drive 6.4 miles south on NM 578, then 1.3 miles on FR 58 to the trailhead parking area. From the parking area Wheeler peak is about 7 miles on Forest Trail 91. This route passes two alpine lakes, Lost Lake and Horseshoe Lake.</p><br>
<p>Wheeler Peak has a summit register as do many major western peaks.</p><br>
<p>The Tampa Theatre and Office Building is a historic USA theater and city landmark in the Uptown District of downtown Tampa, Florida. On January 3, 1978, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Theatre features a wide range of independent, foreign, and documentary films on a daily basis. It is Tampa&#39;s only non-profit movie palace, and operating costs are supported by its members, donors and corporate sponsors, as well as by ticket and concessions sales. It has often been used as a backdrop for movies, music videos and local programming.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Designed as an atmospheric theatre style movie palace by architect John Eberson, the Tampa Theatre opened on October 15, 1926. The theatre was the first commercial building in Tampa to offer air conditioning, which gave the theater appeal during Florida&#39;s sweltering summer months. Inside the Tampa, audiences are transported to a lavish, romantic Mediterranean courtyard replete with old world statuary, flowers, and gargoyles. Over it all is a nighttime sky with twinkling stars and floating clouds.</p><br>
<p>Like other new movie palaces around the country, the Tampa Theatre was enormously popular. For the first time in history, the common person had access to opulence on a scale never before imagined. For 10 cents, they could escape into a fantasy land for two hours, see first class entertainment, and be treated like royalty by uniformed platoons of ushers and attendants. By the end of the 1920s, more than 90 million Americans were going to the movies every week.</p><br>
<p>For several decades, the Tampa remained a jewel and the centerpiece of Tampa‘s cultural landscape. People grew up, stole their first kisses in the balcony, followed the weekly newsreels, and celebrated life week after week by coming back to the Tampa.</p><br>
<p>But by the 1960s and 70s, times had changed. America&#39;s flight to suburbs was having a damaging effect on downtown business districts across the country. Hardest hit were the downtown movie palaces which dotted America’s urban landscapes. Audiences dwindled and costs rose. Many of our nation’s finest movie palaces were quickly demolished before anyone noticed because the land beneath them became more valuable than the theatre operation.</p><br>
<p>In 1973, the Tampa Theatre faced the same fate. But in Tampa citizens rallied. Committees were formed. City leaders became involved, and soon a deal was reached to have the City rescue the Tampa by assuming its leases. The Arts Council of Hillsborough County agreed to program and manage the Tampa with films, concerts and special events. By the time the Theatre reopened in early 1978, the Tampa had become something of a national model on how to save an endangered theater.</p><br>
<p>Today, Tampa Theatre is managed by the not-for-profit Tampa Theatre Foundation and is a remarkable success story. The Theatre presents and hosts over 600 events a year including a full schedule of first run and classic films, concerts, special events, corporate events, tours and educational programs. The Theatre is one of the most heavily utilized venues of its kind in the United States.</p><br>
<p>Since its rescue in 1978, the Tampa Theatre has welcomed over 5 million guests including over 1 million school children for school field trips and summer camps in the context of one of Tampa ‘s largest historic preservation projects.</p><br>
<p>Community support and contributions are critical to the Theatre’s continued success and viability. In spite of its successes, the Theatre only earns about 60% of its annual operating budget through earned income. Contributions to the Tampa Theatre Foundation from individuals, companies and foundations help to make up difference and keep the Theatre accessible and affordable for everyone.</p><br>
<p>Tampa Theatre was named to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978, is a Tampa City Landmark, and is a member of the League of Historic American Theatres.</p><br>
<p>The Tampa Theatre has undergone many restoration projects to maintain its original splendor as well as equipment upgrades to provide a modern movie-going experience. The most recent restoration project was the replacement of the marquee which includes the vertical blade sign and the canopy. The completion of this major facelift was marked by the Marquee Lighting Ceremony which took place on January 16, 2004.</p><br>
<p>Tampa Theatre operates The Mighty Wurlitzer Theatre Organ and the instrument is played before nightly films. The organ is played and maintained by a team of volunteer organists from the Central Florida Theatre Organ Society.</p><br>
<p>In the spring of 2013, during its 86th year of existence, the Theatre converted to digital picture and sound (with the exception of productions that are only available in the movie reel format) and screened a free showing of Samsara to celebrate the transition. The switch to digital—in anticipation of an industry change whereby all new releases will only be available in digital format—occurred at a cost of US$150,000.</p><br>
<h2>Popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The glam metal band Sleeze Beez filmed the music video for the song "Stranger Than Paradise" at the theater, while other artists such as Ani DiFranco, David Byrne, Arlo Guthrie, and Old Crow Medicine Show have performed live shows at the venue.</p><br>
<p>Matajur is a 1642 m mountain in the Julian Alps on the border between Italy and Slovenia. It is located on the border between the Soča Valley and the Italian mountainous region known as Venetian Slovenia, with views over the Adriatic Sea. Its prominence is 1385 m.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>Matajur was attested as Mons Regis circa 680, and as in Monte Majori in 1275. The Slovene name Matajur is derived via vowel harmony or akanye from *Motajur (&lt; Mǫtmajur), which was borrowed from a Friulian name that developed from Romance Monte(m) maiōre(m) higher mountain. It is known as Mat&#39;jur in the local dialect, and in Friulian as Mòntmaiôr or Mataiûr (a reborrowing from Slovene).</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>On 26 October 1917, Oberleutnant Erwin Rommel captured the mountain with 100 men, against an Italian force of over 7000.</p><br>
<p>Matajur001.JPGMatajur seen from the Natisone Valleys, Italy</p><br>
<p>Observatoire du Matajur.JPGObservatory on the mountain</p><br>
<p>The McPherson Range is an extensive mountain range, a spur of the Great Dividing Range, heading in an easterly direction from near Wallangarra to the Pacific Ocean coastline. It forms part of the Scenic Rim on the border between the states of New South Wales and Queensland. Further west of the McPherson Range is the Main Range. Towards the coast the range continues into the Border Ranges and other mountainous terrain formed by the Tweed Volcano.</p><br>
<p>The Australian electoral Division of McPherson was named after the mountain range.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Wilsons Peak is considered to be the intersection of the Great Divide and the McPherson Range. There are five waterfalls in this part of the range including Teviot Falls, Queen Mary Falls, Daggs Falls, Browns Falls and Upper Browns Falls. Other notable mountains in the range include Mount Lindesay and Mount Barney.</p><br>
<p>The range is an area of significant scenic beauty and contains a multitude of national parks, including Mount Barney National Park, Border Ranges National Park and Lamington National Park among others which possess World Heritage listing, as the Gondwana Rainforests of Australia.</p><br>
<p>The Sydney–Brisbane rail corridor and the Lions Road pass over the range at Richmond Gap, as does the Mount Lindesay Highway and the Nerang-Murwillumbah Road. A third passage through Teviot Gap, provides a road route between Boonah and Killarney near Wilson&#39;s Peak.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The ranges were first explored by white settlers in 1828. The party was headed by Allan Cunningham and Patrick Logan while searching for a route to the Darling Downs from the newly established Moreton Bay penal colony. Logan had climbed Mount Barney thinking that he was on Mount Warning until he reached the summit and saw the true Mount Warning further south. Realising they were on another range they named it the McPherson Range. Logan named Wilsons Peak and Mount Shadforth, which is now known as Mount Toowoonan.</p><br>
<p>The McPherson Range was the location of the Stinson airliner crash, which went missing on a flight between Brisbane and Sydney in 1937. Alfonso Bernard O&#39;Reilly, a local farmer, trekked through thick forests and rugged terrain to discover the wreck and two emaciated, badly injured survivors, nine days after the crash.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>The sub-tropical rainforest on the range has never been damaged by severe bushfires and contains more than 20 species of rock and tree orchids.</p><br>
<p>The stream lily is a perennial plant found along creeks and gullies of the range. The extinct fern species Antrophyum austroqueenslandicum may still exist in unsurveyed parts of the range.</p><br>
<p>The unique Lamington spiny crayfish colours has evolved with white in New South Wales valleys and blue crayfish in Queensland&#39;s section of the range.</p><br>
<p>The rainforests contain important populations of the endangered rufous scrub-bird, and the vulnerable Albert&#39;s lyrebird, both of which are confined to South-east Queensland and North-east New South Wales.</p><br>
<p>Japonski Island, or Yakw Kashaneixí, остров Японский, ヤポンスキー島, is a small island in the city of Sitka in the Alexander Archipelago of southeastern Alaska, United States. It lies across the Sitka Channel from Sitkas central business district.</p><br>
<p>The Russians named the island Japonski (Russian for "Japanese") after some Japanese fishermen who were stranded there in 1805 (unnamed Russians returned them to Yezo (Hokkaidō) in 1806).*</p><br>
<p>Japonski Island is connected to Baranof Island and Sitka by the O&#39;Connell Bridge. Before the bridge there was a ferry system similar to that which currently exists in Ketchikan. The shoreboats that maintained the transportation link between Japonski and the rest of Sitka were the Donna, Teddy, Dorothy, Diane, and Arrowhead.</p><br>
<p>Japonski Island is home to Sitka Rocky Gutierrez Airport; the Sitka branch campus of the University of Alaska Southeast; Mt. Edgecumbe High School &mdash; a state-run boarding school for rural Alaskans; the Indian Health Service regional hospital SEARHC (SouthEast Alaska Regional Healthcare Center); a United States Coast Guard air station; the port and facilities for the USCGC Maple; and the restored boathouse maintained by the Sitka Maritime Heritage Society. Besides the Coast Guard housing complex, there are very few Sitkans who live on Japonski Island. The official population was 269 persons at the 2000 census. The land area of Japonski Island, including the connected nearby much smaller islands such as Virublennoi (Rus. for "harvested" or "cut out"), Sasedni (Rus. for "Neighbour"), Kirushkin (prob. a Russian surname), Makhnati (Rus. for "shaggy") and smaller islets, was 1.467 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<p>The Michigan Military Academy, also known as the M.M.A., was an all-boys military prep school in Orchard Lake Village, Oakland County, Michigan. It was founded in 1877 by Captain J. Sumner Rogers, and closed in 1908 due to bankruptcy. Some journalists have referred to the school as the Second West Point. The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 as the Orchard Lake Schools Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>Early history and establishment</h2><br>
<p>In 1858, Joseph Tarr Copeland (b. May 6, 1813), a USA Army general who would later serve in the American Civil War, purchased several acres of land and began to build his retirement home on the shores of Orchard Lake. Most of the 90 acres (364,000 m²) he owned were used for agricultural purposes, and he was slowly selling tracts of land for profit. The area was popular with tourists, so in 1871 Gen. Copeland converted his residence, a large, castle-like home on the shores of Orchard Lake, into the Orchard Lake Hotel. Business was good for a few years but development in the area forced many vacationers to seek seclusion farther north and the Panic of 1873 forced Copeland to find profit elsewhere. In 1877 Gen. Copeland sought to sell his home and the land around it. Captain J. Sumner Rogers (b. 1844), who was a professor of Military Science and Tactics at Detroit High School, had wanted to establish a creditable military prep school in the Detroit area for some time. Seeing the opportunity at hand, Rogers bought the land with the help of some wealthy Detroiters, and later that year he established the Michigan Military Academy. He modeled the academy after West Point and its success was immediate.</p><br>
<h2>Peak years</h2><br>
<p>Over the course of its 30-year history, the Michigan Military Academy had 2,558 enrollments and 458 graduates. The graduating class of 1893 played a prominent role in the World Columbian Exposition in Chicago, and many of the classes won National Drill Competitions.</p><br>
<p>On June 19, 1879, William Tecumseh Sherman, General in Chief of the USA Army, delivered a variant of his famous "War Is Hell" speech to the graduating class. A total of 10,000 people arrived to listen to Shermans speech, and the press reported that it was the largest number of people ever to gather within the townships boundaries (at that time the village of Orchard Lake was part of West Bloomfield Township). Some claim that he said: "There is many a boy here today who looks upon war as all glory, but, boys, it is all hell&quot however, the published text of Sherman&#39;s address does not contain that line.</p><br>
<p>Future City of Detroit Mayor, Cadet John C. Lodge, recorded his memories of the Sherman speech, "At one of our graduation exercises the speaker was General William T. Sherman. He was not eloquent, and he didn&#39;t have a very pleasant voice; it was somewhat shrill."</p><br>
<h2>Student life</h2><br>
<p>With a tuition of $500 per year in the 1800s, the M.M.A. attracted mostly sons of wealthy upper class businessmen. There were three levels of training at the school: Infantry, Artillery, and Cavalry. The cadets wore gray and white uniforms, modeled after those that were worn at West Point. Students with musical abilities were encouraged to join the marching band. All cadets were taught to use a.45 caliber Springfield rifle, and the academy had an 8-inch siege mortar and Gatling guns at its disposal for military drills. There were a few accidents; in 1884, a cadet drowned during a training exercise in the lake. In 1889, another cadet drowned during a midnight swim.</p><br>
<p>The cadets had a busy schedule, even on weekends. Rogers and his staff allowed for holiday parties and arranged dances with nearby all-girls schools. Discipline was harsh and there were many athletic and extracurricular activities and the students were encouraged to participate. There were several hundred dropouts throughout the academy&#39;s history.</p><br>
<h2>Campus</h2><br>
<p>There were a total of 19 buildings on the campus. The oldest building on the campus is Copelands "castle", built in 1858, and it is still in use. The Academic Building (pictured above) was completed in 1890 and it was the center of academic life on campus. Additional buildings, all of which are still standing and used today, include a Riding Hall (1881), Cadets Barracks (1884), Engine House (1889), Gymnasium (1896). There were also several barns, and these and many other buildings were demolished, replaced, or destroyed by fire throughout the academys short history.</p><br>
<p>As Rogers extended the campus, he dug a network of tunnels to connect most of the buildings. In the event of an attack, the tunnels would provide easy access across campus. The tunnels also led to a large bomb shelter under the Engine House. The tunnels are now used for plumbing, electricity, ethernet, and other utilities.</p><br>
<h2>Bankruptcy and post-peak years</h2><br>
<p>In the early 1900s, the school went bankrupt. In 1900, a massive building project, with a total of nine buildings at a cost of $350,000, was assimilated by Rogers. Unable to pay off the huge sums of money owed for the new buildings, the academy quickly sank into debt. Added to this, during two days in December of the same year, students and teachers protested against mistreatment and unsatisfactory meals. Rogers, who was terminally ill at the time, quickly fired several teachers whom he blamed for instigating the complaints. Rogers died in September 1901 and management of the school was left to Rogers widowed wife, and Rogers friend Gen. Charles King, who assisted with disciplinary and militaristic duties. Enrollment declined sharply, and the academy was closed in 1908.</p><br>
<h2>Notable alumni</h2><br>
<p>Edgar Rice Burroughs, author of the Tarzan novels, attended the Michigan Military Academy. Burroughs entered the academy in 1892 and was noted for his rebelliousness. After attending the Academy for only a short time, he left without notice on a train bound for Chicago. As punishment, he was sent back to the academy, where he graduated in 1895. He later spent a brief amount of time as an instructor at the Academy.</p><br>
<p>John C. Lodge attended the Academy for a short time, but dropped out before graduating, though he spoke fondly of it in his later years. He was the mayor of Detroit from 1923–1924 and 1927-1928. The John C. Lodge Freeway (M-10) in Detroit is named in his honor.</p><br>
<p>Sewell Avery who would become the Board Chairman of Montgomery Ward. He is most remembered for the famous photograph of him being carried by two uniformed Illinois National Guardsmen from his Montgomery Ward office onto Michigan Avenue in Chicago, Illinois. The move was ordered by President Franklin D. Roosevelt due to Avery&#39;s defiance of the National Recovery Act.</p><br>
<h2>The Seminary and other schools</h2><br>
<p>Two years after the Academy closed, in 1910, Fr. Joseph Dabrowski, the director of the Polish Seminary of Detroit, purchased the campus and moved his school there. The seminary has stayed there to this day. It is now called SS. Cyril and Methodius Seminary. The campus is also home to St. Mary&#39;s Preparatory, and Madonna University of Livonia, Michigan holds some classes on the campus.</p><br>
<p>Pyrgos  is the capital of the Elis regional unit in Greece. The city is located in the western part of the Peloponnese, in the middle of a plain, 4 km from the Ionian Sea. The river Alfeios flows into sea about 7 km south of Pyrgos. The population of the town Pyrgos is 25,180, and of the municipality 47,995 . Pyrgos is 16 km west of Olympia, 16 km southeast of Amaliada, 70 km southwest of Patras and 85 km west of Tripoli.</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<h2>Municipality</h2><br>
<p>The municipality Pyrgos was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 4 former municipalities, that became municipal units:</p><br>
<p>Iardanos</p><br>
<p>Oleni</p><br>
<p>Pyrgos</p><br>
<p>Volakas</p><br>
<p>The municipality has an area of 456.610 km, the municipal unit 170.866 km.</p><br>
<h3>Subdivisions</h3><br>
<p>The municipal unit of Pyrgos is divided into the following communities (settlements within the communities given in brackets):</p><br>
<p>Pyrgos (Pyrgos, Anthopyrgos, Kavasilakia, Lampeti, Syntriada, Tragano)</p><br>
<p>Agios Georgios</p><br>
<p>Agios Ilias (Agios Ilias, Pyrgi, Stamatelaiika)</p><br>
<p>Agios Ioannis (Agios Ioannis, Kyani Akti, Palatas, Tragano)</p><br>
<p>Ampelonas (Ampelonas, Kouzouli, Rozeika)</p><br>
<p>Elaionas (Elaionas, Vytinaiika)</p><br>
<p>Granitsaiika (Granitsaiika, Kavouri)</p><br>
<p>Katakolo (Katakolo, Agios Andreas)</p><br>
<p>Koliri (Koliri, Kolireikes Paragkes)</p><br>
<p>Korakochori (Korakochori, Agios Andreas, Kallithea, Bouka)</p><br>
<p>Lasteika (Lasteika, Itia)</p><br>
<p>Leventochori</p><br>
<p>Myrtia</p><br>
<p>Palaiovarvasaina (Palaiovarvasaina, Agios Georgios, Kampos)</p><br>
<p>Salmoni (Salmoni, Alfeios)</p><br>
<p>Skafidia (Skafidia, Kalakaiika, Moni Skafidias, Patronikoleika)</p><br>
<p>Skourochori (Skourochori, Kato Kavouri)</p><br>
<p>Varvasaina (Varvasaina, Kato Varvasaina)</p><br>
<p>Vytinaiika</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>History of the name</h3><br>
<p>In the 1510s, during Ottoman rule over Greece, a villager from Tsorota of Kalavryta decided to move and reform the area of Pyrgos which up until then was uncultivated. During this reformation he found in a well a large amount of gold ancient coins which he delivered to the Sultan as the rightful owner. The Sultan, Selim I (1470-1520), in order to honor his integrity named him ruler of the region (1512) and gave him a great acreage expanding from Alfeios river until the village Agios Ioannis which is located near Katakolo (the main port of the Elis region). This area was encompassing today’s Pyrgos and was uninhabited. According to the stories the new ruler built a great tower (Πύργος, pyrgos in Greek) on a hill in order to supervise his fields and his flocks. This was the first settlement of the area.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>Pyrgos has a hot-summer mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa) with hot and dry summers and rainy winters with generally mild temperatures. Annual precipitation is sizeable, above 900 mm, and it peaks in late autumn.</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>Pyrgos has a train station with regular trains to the port of Katakolo and Olympia. Service on the line from Patras to Kalamata via Pyrgos has been suspended in 2011. Pyrgos has a bus terminal, served by KTEL Ileias, with regular buses for the regional routes to most places in Elis as well as for intercity routes to larger cities such as Patras, Kalamata, Ioannina, Athens and Thessaloniki. The Greek National Road 9 connects Pyrgos with Patras and Kyparissia, the Greek National Road 74 run from Pyrgos to Tripoli via Olympia.</p><br>
<h2>Sporting teams</h2><br>
<p>Paniliakos F.C. (played in the first division during the 2003–2004 season)</p><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<p>Andreas Avgerinos (1820–1895), politician</p><br>
<p>Petros Avgerinos (19th century), politician, mayor of Pyrgos</p><br>
<p>Nakis Avgerinos (1911–2001), politician</p><br>
<p>Giorgos Karagounis (1977-), footballer</p><br>
<p>Kostas Kazakos (1935-), actor and politician</p><br>
<p>George Pavlopoulos (1924-2008), poet</p><br>
<p>Takis Sinopoulos (1917–1981), poet</p><br>
<p>Stephanos Stephanopoulos (1898–1982), politician and 165th Prime Minister of Greece</p><br>
<p>Theodoros Xydis, (1909-1985), poet and essayist.</p><br>
<p>The Staubbach Fall , lit.: dust creek fall) is a waterfall in Switzerland, located just west above Lauterbrunnen in the Bernese Highlands. The waterfall drops 297 m from a hanging valley that ends in overhanging cliffs above the Weisse Lütschine.</p><br>
<p>The stream, on reaching the verge of the rocky walls of the valley, forms a cascade so high that it is almost lost in spray before it reaches the level of the valley. After rain, and early in the season when fed by the melting snows, the Staubbach Fall is a very striking object. The force of the stream above the fall at such times is sufficient to carry the water clear of the precipice, and the whole mass descends in a condition of liquid dust, between spray and cloud, that sways to-and-fro with the gentlest breeze. In a dry summer, when the supply of water is much reduced, the effect is comparatively insignificant.</p><br>
<p>The falls were featured on the Swiss 3-centime postage stamp of the 1930s.</p><br>
<p>The IJ  is a body of water, formerly a bay, in the Dutch province of North Holland. It is known for being Amsterdam&#39;s waterfront. Its name is from an obsolete Dutch word meaning "water" . The name consists of the digraph ij, which behaves like a single letter. Therefore both letters are capitalized; cf. IJmuiden.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Today, the IJ is divided into two parts:</p><br>
<p>To the west of the Oranjesluizen (Orange Locks), the Binnen-Ĳ (inner Ĳ), or Afgesloten-Ĳ (closed Ĳ), is directly connected to the North Sea Canal, where the port of IJmuiden and the North Sea can be reached.</p><br>
<p>To the east Oranjesluizen, the Buiten-Ĳ (outer Ĳ) is an extension of the IJmeer which is itself an extension of the Markermeer.</p><br>
<p>The IJ is connected to the North Sea to the west and the IJmeer to the east by a set of locks.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>There are several theories about the origins of the IJ. Perhaps it began as a stream, following a breakthrough in the dunes of Castricum.</p><br>
<p>More likely, the IJ is a remnant of a northern arm of the Rhine delta.</p><br>
<p>Finally, the IJ could also come from the lake Almere or Flevo.</p><br>
<p>During the Roman period the IJ communicated on one side with the lake Flevo and the Vecht (Utrecht) and the other with the North Sea. Connection with the North Sea has subsequently disappeared, while the IJ in the Middle Ages has expanded. This is due to the emergence of the Zuiderzee, itself a bay of the North Sea resulting from a number of storms.</p><br>
<p>At the end of the Middle Ages, the IJ was a long and narrow brackish bay that connected to the Zuiderzee and stretched from Amsterdam in the east to Velsen in the west. At its west end, only the natural dune ridge across the Dutch North Sea coast prevented the IJ, which grew ever larger through the centuries, from directly connecting to the North Sea and so making the North Holland peninsula nearly an island. By the seventeenth century, however, access to the IJ became difficult due to sand bars across its mouth, and ships becoming bigger, and it was nearly impossible for seafaring vessels to reach the city of Amsterdam. At the same time, the bay gnawed away at the surrounding farmlands, almost connecting with the Haarlemmermeer (Lake Haarlem) and seriously threatening the cities of Haarlem and Amsterdam.</p><br>
<p>Plans were put forth to reclaim both the Haarlemmermeer and the IJ and turn them into polders. The Haarlemmermeer was first, falling dry in 1852, and the largest part of the IJ followed suit between 1865 and 1876, with only a small lake remaining at Amsterdam that was closed off from the Zuiderzee by the Oranje locks. At the same time, the North Sea Canal was constructed in the former IJ basin to provide Amsterdam with access to the sea again and revive its ailing port. It cut through the isthmus to connect to the North Sea near the town of Velsen; a new port, IJmuiden ("IJ&#39;s mouth") was built at its west end. The east end of the IJ polders near Amsterdam was given over to industry, and a large new seaport area was constructed.</p><br>
<p>The Buiten-IJ hosted the mixed dinghy sailing events for the 1928 Summer Olympics in neighboring Amsterdam. It also hosted two events for the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp.</p><br>
<p>St. Helena Island is a Sea Island in Beaufort County, South Carolina, United States. The island is connected to Beaufort by USA Highway 21. The island has a land area of about 64 square miles and a population of 8,763 as of the 2010 census. It is included as part of the Hilton Head Island-Beaufort Micropolitan Area. The island is renowned for its rural Lowcountry character and being a major center of African-American Gullah culture and language. It is considered to be the geographic influence behind the children&#39;s television program Gullah Gullah Island.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first European to explore St. Helena was most likely Spanish explorer Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón around 1520, as part of the Spanish exploration and colonization of the sea islands. Deepwater Port Royal was established as the center of the area, and at one time was the capital of the entire Spanish colony of Florida. The area was later colonized by the French, the Spanish again, then finally fell into English hands, who occupied it until the American Revolution. In the War of 1812, Saint Helena saw some British naval presence.</p><br>
<p>The area was noted to be similar to the rice growing region of West Africa and soon captured slaves were brought to the Sea Islands, many from what is today Sierra Leone. Rice, indigo, cotton and spices were grown by these slaves, as well as Native Americans, and indentured servants from Europe. The mix of cultures, somewhat isolated from the mainland, produced the Gullah culture.</p><br>
<p>The Civil War began when South Carolina fired on Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861. After a number of setbacks for the Union, the Battle of Port Royal became an important victory on November 7, 1861. Lincoln had called for a blockade of Confederate ports and Port Royal was considered one of the most important. A flotilla of Union ships commanded by Samuel F. Du Pont launched a furious assault on the forts which defended Beaufort. After several hours, the islands fell into Union hands and were held throughout the war.</p><br>
<p>Slaves were liberated and immediate steps were taken to help improve their lot. One of the most important was the establishment of the Penn School to educate them. Another was grants of land to heads of households, from whence came the belief among the slaves that upon emancipation, all would be given forty acres (16 hectares) and a mule.</p><br>
<p>St. Helena Island was significantly impacted by the Sea Islands Hurricane of 1893, killing hundreds of residents on the island. The economic destruction of the hurricane lingered for decades after the event, causing St. Helena Island to be one of the poorest locations in the United States for many years.</p><br>
<p>In the last decades of the 20th Century, the improving economy in Beaufort coupled with resort development on nearby Fripp Island and Dataw Island began to improve economic prospects for the island but also introduced development pressures that threatened the island&#39;s rural character. In order to stem the tide of gentrification, significant planning efforts have led to restrictive development regulations to ensure the island retains its rural character and preserves its cultural and historic resources. Condominium communities and gated communities are not allowed on St. Helena Island. Some rural land has been preserved through conservation easements and much of the island is still owned by African-Americans, much of it through heirs property arrangements.</p><br>
<p>The Indian Hill Site and Knights of Wise Men Lodge are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>St. Helena Island is considered an inland Sea Island and does not have actual frontage on the Atlantic Ocean. The island is surrounded by expansive marshes, particularly along the southeastern side of the island. It is the largest Sea Island in the Beaufort area and is the largest island between Edisto Island and Hilton Head Island along the South Carolina coast. The island is informally divided into several different communities, each with its own distinct identity. The two most established communities on the island are Frogmore and Lands End.</p><br>
<p>Frogmore is considered to be the commercial center of island activity and is located in the north central portion of the island. For many years, Frogmore was the official name for the entirety of St. Helena Island by the USA Postal Service, and many on the island still refer to it as such. However, it is no longer the official USA Postal Service location name. It is officially Saint (St.) Helena, Island, S.C.</p><br>
<p>Lands End (sometimes referred to as Fort Fremont) is a small community at the southern tip of the island which is home to Fort Fremont, a former military battery which helped guard the entrance to the Beaufort River. The community is popular for its access to open water, thus making it a hub for fishing and recreational opportunities.</p><br>
<p>Other communities on the island are typically referred to by the road, point, or smaller island on which they are situated, including Dulamo Road, Cedar Grove, Eddings Point, Coffin Point, Fripp Point, Folly Road, Warsaw Island, and Pollawana Road, to name a few. Three main roads provide arterial access for much of the island: Sea Islands Parkway (USA Highway 21), Seaside Road, and Lands End Road.</p><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<p>Sam Doyle, folk artist</p><br>
<p>Candice Glover, singer, American Idol season 12 winner</p><br>
<p>Marquetta Goodwine, Queen Quet, Chieftess of the Gullah/Geechee Nation</p><br>
<p>Leon Keyserling, economist, lawyer, head of Council of Economic Advisers</p><br>
<p>Devin Taylor, defensive end for the Detroit Lions</p><br>
<p>The River Taff  is a river in Wales. It rises as two rivers in the Brecon Beacons &mdash; the Taf Fechan  and the Taf Fawr  &mdash; before joining to form the Taff north of Merthyr Tydfil. The river supports a number of migratory fish, including salmon, sea trout, and eel.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>From its confluence at Cefn-coed-y-cymmer, the river flows south, passing several towns. It picks up a few tributaries, such as the River Cynon, River Rhondda, Bargoed Taf and Nant Clydach. It flows through Pontypridd and through to Taffs Well, the site of Wales only thermal spring. It flows underneath the M4 Motorway, before turning southeastward and flowing through the Cardiff suburbs of Radyr, Whitchurch, Llandaff, Pontcanna, the city centre and Grangetown, before emptying into Cardiff Bay, near to the mouth of the River Ely.</p><br>
<h3>Diversion in Cardiff</h3><br>
<p>In the early 1840s the South Wales Railway was trying to find a suitable site for a railway station, but the area that is now Cardiff Central railway station was prone to flooding. At this point the main route of the Taff was around Cardiff Castle and down what is now Westgate Street, with the lands where Cardiff Arms Park and the Millennium Stadium are now sited tidal flats which were prone to flood.</p><br>
<p>It was Isambard Kingdom Brunel&#39;s solution to divert the Taff to the west, creating a larger and safer site for the station. The station was opened by the South Wales Railway in 1850.</p><br>
<h2>Taf Fawr</h2><br>
<p>The Taf Fawr rises below Corn Du, south-west of Pen y Fan and flows south through Beacons Reservoir, Cantref Reservoir and Llwyn-on Reservoir.</p><br>
<h2>Taf Fechan</h2><br>
<p>The Taf Fechan rises immediately to the south of Pen y Fan and runs southwards through the two Neuadd Reservoirs, Pentwyn Reservoir and finally Pontsticill reservoir before descending into a wooded gorge known as the Blue Pool and flowing south-westwards around the hamlet of Trefechan. To the south of Cefn-coed-y-cymmer, the Taf Fechan and Taf Fawr merge at the wooded confluence that gives Cefn-coed-y-cymmer its name.</p><br>
<p>The river holds a large population of wild brown trout, many of which were killed in 2006 when a large quantity of aluminium sulphate was flushed into the river from the Pontsticill Water Treatment Works, which United Utilities operate on behalf of Dwr Cymru Welsh Water. The pollution turned the water white for at least 5km downstream of the works and killed approximately 23,000 fish, including wild brown trout, bullheads, stickleback and pike, and a large number of invertebrates. Environment Agency Wales estimated that the river would take six to twelve years to recover. The trout population had resumed breeding by 2009.</p><br>
<h2>Tributaries</h2><br>
<h3>Nant Ffrwd</h3><br>
<p>Underneath the Cefn Coed Viaduct, the Nant Ffrwd, a tributary that runs eastward in a deep wooded gorge before flowing into the Taf Fawr above the confluence with the Taf Fechan, emerges into the river from a deep, narrow gorge.</p><br>
<h3>Nant Morlais and Nant Rhydycar</h3><br>
<p>The Taff continues south through the centre of Merthyr Tydfil, where it is joined by the Nant Morlais which emerges at Abermorlais from a culvert in the east bank. Just south of Merthyr weir, the Nant Rhydycar joins.</p><br>
<h3>Taff Bargoed, Cynon, Nant Clydach and Rhondda</h3><br>
<p>South of Merthyr, the Taff begins to meander its way between Pentrebach and Abercanaid and through Troed-y-rhiw, Merthyr Vale and Aberfan towards Quakers Yard. Here, the Taff Bargoed, Nant Mafon and then down into Abercynon in the Cynon Valley where the Afon Cynon merge with the Taff and, slightly further downstream the Nant Clydach joins. At Pontypridd it is joined by the Afon Rhondda. From Pontypridd, it runs roughly south, through Taff&#39;s Well and Radyr, before arriving at the northern boundary of the city of Cardiff in Llandaff.</p><br>
<h2>Mouth of the Taff</h2><br>
<p>In Cardiff, the natural course of the river was changed during the 19th century; from Cardiff Castle it now follows an artificial riverbed west of where it previously flowed, now following a path through Bute Park and next to the Cardiff Arms Park and the former National Stadium, now the Millennium Stadium, and into Cardiff Bay, which has now become an artificial lake due to the construction of a barrage across the mouth of this river and the River Ely. It then flows out into the Severn Estuary.</p><br>
<h2>"Taffy" as a pejorative</h2><br>
<p>The derogatory term "Taffy" for a Welsh person is sometimes erroneously stated to have originated with the river. This may have given rise to a colloquial usage of the term by Cardiff residents for people from the Taff&#39;s northern reaches (Mid Glamorgan Valleys).</p><br>
<p>The name actually originates as a corruption of the name Dafydd, with the Oxford English Dictionary describing the origin as "representing a supposed Welsh pronunciation of the given name Davy or David (Welsh Dafydd)". It was common for people in times of war to dehumanise an enemy by ascribing a singular name to them all. It is therefore an equivalent of other historic English pejoratives such as Paddy and Jock.</p><br>
<p>The term is a common nickname within the British army, with individual Welsh troops, units and especially the Welsh Guards sometimes referred to as "The Taffs". However, it has been reported that the guardsmen themselves never use that term.</p><br>
<p>Paquetá Island  is an island in Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro. The name of the island is a Tupi word meaning "many pacas". The island is an auto-free zone, so travel is limited to bicycles and horse-drawn carriages. Paquetá has twenty baobabs, a type of African tree - the only ones in Brazil beside the Baobá in Passeio Público in Fortaleza. One of the trees is called "Maria Gorda" , which residents kiss for luck.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Up to the end of the 15th century, the Tamoio Indians used Paquetá as hunting and living grounds. It was officially registered by the Frenchman André Thevet in December 1555, and acknowledged by King Henri II as a French discovery in 1556. Together with Paranapuã Island (now called Governador Island), Paquetá was one of the main centers of French resistance to Portuguese occupation. While the French had the Tamoios as their allies, the Temiminós Indians led by Araribóia supported the Portuguese.</p><br>
<p>The Portuguese victory was consolidated with the expulsion of the French and the defeat of the Tamoios. Paquetá was then divided into two allotments assigned to settlers; the one now called Campo was given to Inácio de Bulhões and the Ponte area to Fernão Valdez. Even today the characteristics of this division between Campo and Ponte are conspicuously present in the Island&#39;s festivities, in football matches and in the parade of dancing and singing groups during Carnival.</p><br>
<p>Under Portuguese rule, Paquetá produced vegetables, fruits, stone and timber for construction. Aristocratic land and slave owners occupied the island. Nowadays Paquetá presents a residential and touristy profile due to its cultural roots, its scenery and location.</p><br>
<h2>Traditional events</h2><br>
<p>* Saint Roque Festival, in honor of the Island&#39;s patron saint, is held along the week or on the weekend nearest to August 16 when the mass for Saint Roque is celebrated.</p><br>
<p>* Saint Peter Festival, in honor of the patron saint of fishermen who keep the traditional maritime procession on June 29.</p><br>
<p>Gainsborough Old Hall in Gainsborough, Lincolnshire is over five hundred years old and one of the best preserved medieval manor houses in England.</p><br>
<p>The hall was built by Sir Thomas Burgh in 1460. The Burghs were rich, flamboyant and powerful people. Gainsborough Old Hall was not only their home, but also a demonstration of their wealth and importance. Sir Thomas was a great benefactor to Newark Church and also the founder of the Chantry and Alms House at Gainsborough. In 1470, the manor was attacked by Sir Robert Welles over a clash about lands, status, and honour, but it was not severely damaged. In 1484 Sir Thomas entertained King Richard III in his hall.</p><br>
<p>In 1510, Sir Thomas Burgh&#39;s son, Edward Burgh, 2nd Baron Burgh, was incarcerated at the Old Hall after being declared a lunatic. Sir Edward died in 1528, leaving his eldest son Sir Thomas as head of the family. In 1529, his son and heir, Sir Edward, married Catherine Parr, later Queen consort to King Henry VIII. The couple would stay at Gainsborough Old Hall until 1530, when they were granted their own manor in Kirton-in-Lindsey.</p><br>
<p>King Henry VIII visited Gainsborough twice; once in 1509 and again in 1541 with the doomed Queen Catherine Howard. The Queen was accused of indiscretions both at Gainsborough and Lincoln and she was executed. Catherine Parr, by this time a widow, became Henry&#39;s sixth wife.</p><br>
<p>When Thomas, the Fifth Lord Burgh, died without an heir, the Hall was sold in 1596 to William Hickman, a merchant from London, who made many improvements, especially to the east wing. William and his mother Rose supported John Smyth and the Separatist movement, and allowed them to meet and worship at the hall from 1603 until they sailed to Holland to find religious freedom. The Hickman family continued to play a prominent role in the development of Gainsborough and many became local members of parliament. Sir Neville Hickman invited John Wesley to preach in the Great Hall several times in 1759, and in 1761 and 1764.</p><br>
<p>In 1720 a new house was built at Thonock on the edge of the town and the Old Hall became unoccupied. It remained in the family and was used for a variety of purposes.</p><br>
<p>Architecturally the Old Hall has changed very little over the years. It is principally a timber framed building, giving it its characteristic striped or black and white appearance. On the north east corner is a brick tower. A splendid view of the town awaits those who brave the fifty-nine step climb to the top.</p><br>
<p>Today, the Hall with its elaborate timber roof survives as well as the kitchen—possibly the most complete medieval kitchen in England. The kitchen still contains many original features, including two open fireplaces, each large enough to roast an ox, and two bread ovens served by a third chimney. The Hall is over five hundred years old and one of the best-preserved medieval manor houses in England.</p><br>
<p>The tower of the Old Hall is supposedly haunted by the Grey Lady, thought to be the daughter of the Lord of the Manor who fell in love with a poor soldier and planned to elope with him. Her father discovered the plan and locked her away in the tower where she died from a broken heart. According to local legend the girl&#39;s spirit still wanders the tower, endlessly waiting for her lover to arrive.</p><br>
<p>The house was looked after from 1949 by a volunteer group, The Friends of the Old Hall (FOHA), who saved the building and first opened it to the public. Sir Edmund Bacon gave it to the nation in 1970. The house is now owned by English Heritage and is open to the public as a museum. It is listed as Grade I for Heritage Protection. The Friends still exist as an organisation, and provide volunteer guides and other expertise.</p><br>
<p>Oude Rijn  is the name of a long former bend in river Rhine in the Dutch province of Gelderland.</p><br>
<p>In summer the bend became too shallow to be navigable, and so between 1701 and 1709 was cut off from the main waterway near the town of Lobith and replaced by the Pannerdens Kanaal. After the bend was dammed-up at Tolkamer, the Oude Rijn received little water from the Rhine proper. Instead, most of its inflow now comes from the small river Wild. Near the Oude Rijn are several more, smaller, Old Rhine branches. Together they are known as the Rijnstrangen ("Rhine Bends"), a wildlife reserve area that is part of the Gelderse Poort.</p><br>
<p>The Oude Rijn, which forms the border between the Dutch town of Lobith and the German town of Elten, was still used to relieve overflow of the Rhine in times of flooding until the middle of the twentieth century. Opposite the town of Angeren, the Pannerdens Kanaal connects to the Oude Rijn, after which the river continues towards the sea as Nederrijn (Lower Rhine).</p><br>
<p>Fremont Pass is a 11,318 ft mountain pass in the Rocky Mountains of central Colorado in the United States.</p><br>
<p>It forms the continental divide on the border between Lake County and Summit County. The pass is named for John C. Frémont, an explorer of the American West who discovered the pass while traversing present-day Colorado during the 1840s. The pass provides a route between the upper valley of the Blue River, a tributary of the Colorado River, with the headwaters of the Arkansas River to the south. The pass summit is the site of Climax Mine, a molybdenum mine. The pass is traversed by State Highway 91.</p><br>
<p>Despite being one of the highest mountain passes in the state, the only steep part is the switchback on the final ascent toward the Climax mine on the south side. The rest of the pass is gentle.</p><br>
<h2>Railway</h2><br>
<p>The Denver, South Park and Pacific Railroad built a narrow gauge railway over Fremont Pass in 1884. It was sold in foreclosure proceedings to the Denver, Leadville & Gunnison Railroad in 1889 and became later part of the Colorado and Southern Railway. Operating ended in 1937. The line south of Climax is retained, converted to standard gauge 1943 and now operated by Leadville, Colorado and Southern Railroad.</p><br>
<p>A second narrow gauge railway line was built by Denver and Rio Grande Railroad in 1881. Passenger service ceased in late 1909 and the last sporadic freight service in November 1910. The line was abandoned on 1 December 1923.</p><br>
<h2>Electrical Power</h2><br>
<p>In 1909, the Shoshone Transmission Line was built to connect a generating station near Glenwood Springs with Leadville and Denver. This historic electric transmission line has been modernized several times and is still in use, although the development of the Climax mine has caused major changes to the line in the vicinity of the pass.</p><br>
<p>Sand on the Applecross Peninsula in Wester Ross, Scotland, is an archaeological site.</p><br>
<p>Sand is the site of a major archaeological excavation on the Inner Sound coast of the Applecross Peninsula in Western Scotland, to the north of the small town of Applecross.</p><br>
<p>A small number of shell middens were known as rare traces of Mesolithic settlement when a rock shelter and shell midden at Sand, Applecross on the coast of Wester Ross, Scotland, was selected for detailed excavation as part of a study of shell middens in the area around the Inner Sound between the Skye and the mainland.</p><br>
<p>The Scotland’s First Settlers project (SFS) investigating the relationship of early inhabitants with the western seaboard chose this area which had known sites at An Corran in Staffin, Skye, and at Redpoint and Shieldaig in Torridon.</p><br>
<p>Their surveys in 1999 and 2000 found 104 previously unknown sites, mostly caves and rock shelters with 21 "lithic scatters" and 9 open shell middens. A proportion of these sites will be more recent, but test pits at 4 sites found Loch a Sguirr on Raasay and Sand in Applecross to be Mesolithic. The indication is that there are many more surviving sites than had been expected.</p><br>
<p>The rock shelter site at Sand on the Applecross peninsula, just to the north of Applecross itself, faces out across the Inner Sound westwards towards Skye and Raasay. Around 7,500 years BCE the first users of the rock shelter had worked antler and stone to make tools. As well as using local stone for their tools they had obtained distinctive stone from the island of Rùm, 30 km to the south, and Staffin on Skye, 10 km to the west, showing that they were able to cross open sea.</p><br>
<p>Gradually a large pile of shells, mainly limpets, built up into a large midden. Abundant fragments of stone "pot-boilers" and bevel ended bone tools indicate that the shellfish were being cooked and the contents scooped out. There were also bones from red deer and birds and an antler harpoon for catching a wide range of fish, including cod, mackerel, haddock, herring and salmon.</p><br>
<p>Fine beads had been made from seashells, while ochre pigment and a particular species of dog whelk that may have been used for the extraction of purple dye suggest concern with decoration.</p><br>
<h2>Naval base</h2><br>
<p>There is a British Naval Base at Sand that monitors underwater activity around this part of the west coast. The BUTEC establishment tests marine weapons. Submarines can often be seen in the waters between Applecross Peninsula and Raasay.</p><br>
<p>The Santa Barbara Channel is a portion of the Pacific Ocean which separates the mainland of California from the northern Channel Islands. It is generally south of the city of Santa Barbara, and west of the city of Ventura.</p><br>
<p>It trends east-west, is approximately 130 km long and averages about 45 km across, becoming narrowest at its easternmost extremity where Anacapa Island is about 30 km from the mainland. During the last ice age, the four northern Channel Islands, including Santa Rosa Island, were conjoined into Santa Rosae, a single island that was only five miles (8 km) off the coast.</p><br>
<p>The Santa Barbara Channel is considered a scenic location, with the islands visible from the mainland on clear days.</p><br>
<p>Excursion boats cross the channel, taking visitors to watch whales and visit the islands. In the perpendicular (east-west) direction, huge cargo ships and tankers occupy a major shipping lane on their way to or from the ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach.</p><br>
<p>The Channel is the location of numerous oil fields, some of which have substantial reserves. These include the Ellwood, Summerland, Carpinteria offshore and Dos Cuadras fields. In 1969, the Dos Cuadras was the point of origin of a major oil spill, which came about when oil spurted at high pressure through faults and cracks around a zone which had recently been drilled for the first time. Public outrage over the massive environmental damage inflicted by this spill, which covered hundreds of square miles of the channel and fouled beaches from Ventura to Goleta, was a major spur to the budding environmental movement. Some oil exploration and production activities continue in the area, in spite of vigorous opposition from local organizations, such as Santa Barbara-based Get Oil Out (GOO).</p><br>
<p>The Santa Barbara Channel contains the world&#39;s largest natural oil seepage - Coal Oil Point. Goleta Point is a nearby extension into the channel.</p><br>
<p>At one point on the channel is Point Arguello, a headland near the city of Lompoc, and the site of the Honda Point disaster in 1923, in which seven US Navy destroyers run aground, in the largest peacetime loss of US Navy ships.</p><br>
<h2>Prehistory</h2><br>
<p>Prior to the Holocene era sea levels were considerably lower, such that the water width separating the mainland was much less. This effect had a significant effect upon biological colonization as well as human transport via plank canoes. As examples, the Native American Chumash peoples navigated these waters with ease using their primitive watercraft, allowing communication and trade between island and mainland villages. In terms of biological colonization, C. Michael Hogan reviews some of the theories of colonization of the rare species Torrey Pine, Pinus torreyana to the islands, suggesting that it is likely that Chumash peoples carried the initial cones in their canoes. The most famous endemic species, though now extinct, was the pygmy mammoth, which is often cited as a case study in insular dwarfism.</p><br>
<h2>Risk of ship-whale collisions</h2><br>
<p>As of at least 2011, a few endangered species of whale (including blue, fin, and humpback) have begun to feed in a new area north of the Santa Cruz and Santa Rosa islands of the Santa Barbara Channel. These whales are at risk to be struck by ships passing through a shipping lane used to move goods south to Los Angeles and Long Beach ports. About 100 collisions have been documented off of the coast of California since 1982, which includes a rate of about 6 per year today, possibly more due to the difficulty of observing the incidents.</p><br>
<p>Pendle Hill is located in the east of Lancashire, England, near the towns of Burnley, Nelson, Colne, Clitheroe and Padiham. Its summit is 557 m above mean sea level. It gives its name to the Borough of Pendle. It is an isolated hill, separated from the Pennines to the east, the Bowland Fells to the northwest, and the West Pennine Moors to the south. It is included in detached part of the Forest of Bowland Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty .</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>Pendle Hill is separated from the nearby main bulk of the Bowland Fells by the River Ribble. This isolation means that Pendle Hill is in fact the most prominent child summit of Kinder Scout, far away in the Peak District, rather than a child of Ward&#39;s Stone, the highest point in Bowland.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The sloping plateau summit of Pendle Hill is formed from the Pendle Grit, a coarse Carboniferous age sandstone assigned to the Millstone Grit Group. It overlies a thick sequence of Carboniferous Limestone beds. In chronostratigraphy, the British sub-stage of the Carboniferous period, the Pendleian derives its name from Pendle Hill where an exposure in Light Clough is taken as the type locality.</p><br>
<p>Much of the lower slopes are mantled by thick deposits of glacial till or boulder clay dating from the last Ice Age. The historic decomposition of sphagnum moss on the hill has led to it being covered in peat.</p><br>
<p>The steep slopes of its eastern and southern flanks have given rise to a series of landslips.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The name "Pendle Hill" combines the words for hill from three different languages (as does Bredon Hill in Worcestershire) In the 13th century it was called Pennul or Penhul, apparently from the Cumbric pen and Old English hyll, both meaning "hill". The modern English "hill" was appended later, after the original meaning of Pendle had become opaque.</p><br>
<p>A Bronze Age burial site has been discovered at the summit of the hill.</p><br>
<p>The hill is also famous for its links to three events which took place in the 17th century: the Pendle witch trials (1612), Richard Towneley&#39;s barometer experiment (1661), and the vision of George Fox (1652), which led to the foundation of the Religious Society of Friends (Quaker) movement.</p><br>
<p>The most popular route for ascending the hill begins in the village of Barley, which lies to the east. This route also provides the steepest ascent. Other nearby villages include Downham, Roughlee, Newchurch-in-Pendle, Sabden and Pendleton.</p><br>
<p>A local saying suggests the area around Pendle Hill experiences frequent rainfall: "If you can see Pendle its about to rain, if you cant, it&#39;s already started." When the weather is fine Pendle is a popular hill-launch for paragliders and, with a north-westerly wind, for hang gliders.</p><br>
<h2>Quakers</h2><br>
<p>In his autobiography, George Fox described a vision on Pendle Hill in 1652, during the early years of the Quakers:</p><br>
<p>Today Pendle remains strongly linked to the Quakers, giving its name to one of their centres for religious and spiritual study and contemplation near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in the United States.</p><br>
<h2>Witches and the supernatural</h2><br>
<p>The story of the Pendle witches is a notorious and well-documented example of cases brought against alleged witches in 17th-century England. The hill continues to be associated with witchcraft; large numbers of visitors climb it every Halloween, although in recent years people have been discouraged by the authorities.</p><br>
<p>The area is popular with ghost hunters after Living channels show Most Haunted visited it for a live investigation on Halloween 2004. The shows presenter, Yvette Fielding, said it was the scariest episode they had made.</p><br>
<p>Pendle Hill and the surrounding area are the setting for 1951s classic Mist Over Pendle by Robert Neill, and also for the fourth book in Joseph Delaneys The Wardstone Chronicles, called The Spook&#39;s Battle.</p><br>
<h2>Four hundred years later</h2><br>
<p>On Saturday August 18, 2012, a total of 483 people amassed on Barley Green dressed as witches in order to commemorate the tragic events (The Witch Trials) of four hundred years earlier. The event was staged in order to raise funds for Pendleside Hospice, Burnley. The gathering of witches set a new World Record for the largest number of witches assembled at one place.</p><br>
<p>Two sponsored walks were held on the day: both set off from Barley Green and meandered via Ings End to Pendle House. At this point the chain of walkers (some still dressed in their witches outfits) split into the two routes - those willing to take in the steep stepped route to the summit in the blazing sun and those preferring the less strenuous Under Pendle route which flanks the eastern aspect of the hill. Both routes would then converge at Under Pendle and return to the village centre via the tarmac track also known as Barley Green.</p><br>
<p>To mark the 400th anniversary, local artist Philippe Handford, created a huge installation by putting 1612 on the side of Pendle Hill using horticultural fleece.</p><br>
<p>San Giorgio Maggiore  is one of the islands of Venice, northern Italy, lying east of the Giudecca and south of the main island group.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The isle is surrounded by Canale della Grazia, Canale della Giudecca, Saint Mark Basin, Canale di San Marco and the southern lagoon. It forms part of the San Marco sestiere.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>San Giorgio Maggiore was probably occupied in the Roman period; after the foundation of Venice it was called Insula Memmia after the Memmo family who owned it. By 829 it had a church consecrated to St George; thus it was designated as San Giorgio Maggiore to be distinguished from San Giorgio in Alga.</p><br>
<p>The San Giorgio Monastery was established in 982, when the Benedictine monk, Giovanni Morosini, asked the doge Tribuno Memmo to donate the whole island for a monastery. Morosini drained the island&#39;s marshes next to the church to get the ground for building, and founded the Monastery of San Giorgio Maggiore, and became its first abbot.</p><br>
<p>San Giorgio is now best known for the Church of San Giorgio Maggiore, designed by Palladio and begun in 1566.</p><br>
<p>The belltower has a ring of 9 bells in C#.</p><br>
<p>In the early 19th century, after the Republic fell, the monastery was almost suppressed and the island became a free port with a new harbour built in 1812. It became the home of Venice&#39;s artillery.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>San Giorgio Maggiore is now the headquarters of the Cini Foundation arts centre, known for its library and is also home to the Teatro Verde open-air theatre. In addition, it features two harbours managed by the Compagnia della Vela: Darsena Crose, facing north (see second image below) and Darsena Verde, facing south.</p><br>
<p>The Fan is a district of Richmond, Virginia, so named because of the "fan" shape of the array of streets that extend west from Belvidere Street, on the eastern edge of Monroe Park, westward to the Boulevard. However, the streets rapidly resemble a grid after they go through what is now Virginia Commonwealth University. The Fan is one of the easterly points of the city&#39;s West End section, and is bordered to the north by Broad Street and to the south by VA 195, although the Fan District Association considers the southern border to be the properties abutting the south side of Main Street. The western side is sometimes called the Upper Fan and the eastern side the Lower Fan, though confusingly the Uptown district is located near VCU in the Lower Fan. Many cafes and locally owned restaurants are located here, as well as historic Monument Avenue, a boulevard featuring enormous equine statuary of Civil War Confederate generals and a statue of tennis icon Arthur Ashe. Development of the Fan district was strongly influenced by the City Beautiful movement of the late 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The Fan District is primarily a residential neighborhood consisting of late-nineteenth and early-twentieth century homes. It is also home to VCUs Monroe Park Campus, several parks, tree-lined avenues and three of the citys historical monuments. The District also has numerous houses of worship, and locally owned businesses and commercial establishments. The Fan borders and blends with the Boulevard, the Museum District, and the Carytown district, which features the ornate Byrd Theatre. The appearance of the Fan District is frequently compared to that of the Bourbon Street neighborhood in New Orleans although the two places are actually quite different architecturally upon close examination.</p><br>
<p>Main east-west thoroughfares include Broad Street, Grace Street, Monument Avenue, Patterson Avenue, Grove Avenue, Floyd Avenue, Main Street, Parkwood Ave, and Cary Street.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Following a succession of owners, an architecture museum, the Virginia Center for Architecture, took occupancy in 2005 of Branch House on Monument Avenue, a residence designed in the Tudor style by the firm of John Russell Pope in 1914.</p><br>
<p>The Fan is often incorrectly described as significant for having one of the longest intact stretches of Victorian architecture in the United States, but most of it was actually built after the end of the Victorian era and is arguably more Edwardian and Revival in style. Almost all of the housing stock was constructed in the first decades of the twentieth century and exhibits the pared back victorianism of Edwardian architecture. Colonial Revival and American Craftsman architecture is common as well, with Revival architectural types arguably the most common (as was common to the time period) Revivalism (architecture).</p><br>
<p>Primary architectural styles represented include:</p><br>
<p>Italianate</p><br>
<p>Richardsonian Romanesque</p><br>
<p>Queen Anne</p><br>
<p>Colonial Revival</p><br>
<p>Other architectural styles include:</p><br>
<p>Tudor Revival</p><br>
<p>Second Empire</p><br>
<p>Beaux-Arts</p><br>
<p>Art Deco</p><br>
<p>Spanish</p><br>
<p>Gothic Revival</p><br>
<p>Bungalow</p><br>
<p>American Arts and Crafts Movement</p><br>
<p>James River Georgian</p><br>
<p>Southern Colonial</p><br>
<p>Jacobethan (Jacobean Revival)</p><br>
<p>Federal</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1817, the Fan was plotted as the village of Sydney on land formerly owned by William Byrd II. Primary development of the Fan occurred after the Civil War through about 1920. Streetcar lines leading from downtown influenced development; the nation&#39;s first electric streetcar system was inaugurated in Richmond in 1888.</p><br>
<p>As development increased from downtown at the turn of the 20th century, Franklin street became a fashionable "West End" address. A desire for a West End address drove rapid real estate development of the area, changing the area from rural tobacco fields in 1880 to being almost fully developed land by the 1920s. As development accelerated, the University of Richmond (then located on Lombardy Street) was moved west to a more rural location (its present Westhampton location). During the Great Depression, many of the single-family homes in the area were converted to apartments.</p><br>
<p>The term "the Fan" was coined in the mid 20th century by a Richmond Times Dispatch editorial, as the appellation "West End" no longer applied.</p><br>
<h2>Maps</h2><br>
<p>The Crow Creek massacre occurred around the mid 1300s AD between Native American groups at a site along the Missouri River in the South Dakota area; it is now within the Crow Creek Indian Reservation. Crow Creek Site, the site of the massacre near Chamberlain, is an archaeological site and a USA National Historic Landmark, located at co-ordinates 43°58′48″N 99°19′54″W. An excavation of part of the site was done in the 1950s, with additional excavations in 1978 and later.</p><br>
<p>Two groups occupied the site in prehistoric times. The Siouan-speaking Middle Missouri people (Initial Middle Missouri variant), ancestral to the historic Mandan people, first occupied the site sometime after about 900 AD. They built numerous earth lodges on the lower portion of the site. Caddoan-speaking Central Plains people (Initial Coalescent variant) moved into the area from southern areas (present-day Nebraska) sometime around 1150 AD. (The historic Arikara are a Caddoan people.) Whether they displaced the earlier group or moved onto an abandoned site is unknown. The Central Plains (Initial Coalescent) people built at least 55 lodges, mostly on the upper part of the site. There is no direct evidence that there was conflict between the two groups, and scholars have found evidence that both cultures changed gradually in relation to the other.</p><br>
<p>There is evidence that the Central Plains/Initial Coalescent villagers built well-planned defensive works for its village. They were replacing an earlier dry moat fortification by a new fortification ditch around the expanded village when an attack occurred that resulted in the massacre. The attacking group killed all the villagers. Archaeologists from the University of South Dakota, directed by project director Larry J. Zimmerman, field director Thomas Emerson, and osteologist P. Willey found the remains of at least 486 people killed during the attack. Most of these remains showed signs of ritual mutilation, particularly scalping. Other examples were tongues being removed, teeth broken, beheading, hands and feet being cut off, and other forms of dismemberment. In addition to the severity of the attack, most of the people showed signs of malnutrition and many had evidence of being wounded in other attacks. This evidence has suggested to scholars that lives of people of the Initial Coalescent culture were under more stress than was thought; they have theorized that the people were attacked by another group or several groups of the Initial Coalescent culture in the area in competition for arable land and resources.(Zimmerman and Bradley 1993:216)</p><br>
<h2>Site</h2><br>
<p>The Crow Creek site, designated 39BF11 under the Smithsonian site numbering system, is located along the Missouri River in central South Dakota. The site is located on lands now under the control of the US Army Corps of Engineers due to its flood control and other projects on the river. It is surrounded by the territory of the Crow Creek Indian Reservation. The descendants of the people of the Middle Missouri and Central Plains/Initial Coalescent cultures now live in North Dakota as the Mandan and Arikara nations, respectively, of the Three Affiliated Tribes (together with the Hidatsa).</p><br>
<p>Crow Creek is now a well-preserved archaeological site. It was listed as National Historic Landmark (number 66000710) when the Register was started in 1964.</p><br>
<p>In 1978, South Dakota State Archaeologist, Robert Alex, and other members of his office attended a meeting hosted by the South Dakota Archaeological Society. They toured the Crow Creek site, which had been known and had some professional excavation in the 1950s. They discovered human bones eroding from the end of the fortification ditch. After permission to excavate the site was received from the reservation tribal council, following consultation about how to proceed and agreement for reburial of remains on site, archeology teams recovered the skeletal remains of at least 486 Crow Creek villagers. These estimates were based on the number of right temporal bones present at the scene. The characteristics of the remains at the site show they were killed in an overwhelming attack, which has been called the Crow Creek Massacre. Discovery of this event has raised many questions in the archaeological community, particularly who attacked the village and why.</p><br>
<h2>Skeletal remains</h2><br>
<p>The remains of the villagers of Crow Creek were discovered in a fortification ditch, where they were buried during the mid-14th century and covered with a small layer of clay from the river bottom. The bodies found in the fortification ditch were piled as deep as four feet in some areas. The bodies showed evidence of having lain out exposed to weather and scavengers for a period of time, becoming at least partly disarticulated before burial. A systematic or formal burial of individual bodies might have been impossible due to the state of the remains by the time of later burial. It is not clear who buried the victims of the massacre, whether it was the attackers, escaped villagers, or members of an affiliated village. The layer of clay covering the bodies was coated by a "thin and scattered layer of bones," of which the purpose is unknown. Researchers thought that scavengers might have dug up these remains as a food source. The remains of these villagers reveal their untimely deaths and events of the last attack. They also reveal other hardships of their lives: evidence of nutritional deficiencies and previous warfare, which suggest adaptations to the changes were more difficult. These were documented by paleopathologist John B. Gregg.</p><br>
<h3>Nutritional deficiencies</h3><br>
<p>The villagers&#39; skeletal remains, as well as the fact that remains of canines were buried with the villagers, provide evidence of extensive nutritional deficiencies of a chronic nature. According to Zimmerman’s 1985 book, Peoples of Prehistoric South Dakota, the bones reveal several ailments related to chronic malnutrition. As stated in Zimmerman’s book, "one of the most common characteristics was a pitting in the top of the eye sockets called cribra orbitalis. Associated with this on several skulls was porotic hyperostosis, a pitting on the back of the skull". Both of these conditions are caused by a deficiency of iron in the diet. In addition to these ailments, Harris lines (an indicator of insufficient amounts of protein and other essential minerals, as well as truncated episodes of growth) were discovered while examining radiographs of several individuals. The Crow Creek villagers were measured as being shorter than their Arikara descendants, with the females being significantly shorter; this could have been another effect of nutritional deficiencies and illness.</p><br>
<p>In a journal article entitled "The Crow Creek Massacre: Initial Coalescent Warfare and Speculations about the Genesis of Extended Coalescent", Zimmerman and Bradley propose that the severe conditions faced by the Crow Creek villagers were not short term. Based on the evidence of "active and organizing subperiostial hematomas along with the other bony alterations" found while examining remains, the villagers had long suffered malnutrition, in repeated episodes thought due to the unstable climate and drought reducing crops and food supplies.</p><br>
<p>The presence of animal bones within the fortification ditch suggests that villagers ate their dogs because of hunger. Willey and Emerson’s article entitled "The Osteology and Archaeology of the Crow Creek Massacre" describes the presence of animal bones, specifically canine, within the fortification ditch. They said that it is likely the canines were eaten by the villagers, and their remains were accidentally included in the burial when other parties collected the villagers’ remains. It appears that even domesticated animals such as dogs were used as food sources during this time of famine.</p><br>
<h3>Evidence of previous warfare</h3><br>
<p>The skeletal remains of the villagers also showed evidence of earlier wounds. According to the 1982 dissertation entitled Osteology of the Crow Creek Massacre by P. Willey, evidence of previous warfare is present in the skeletal remains of victims found in the mass burial. Two individuals had survived previous scalping incidents, and were in the process of healing, which was indicated by the bony re-growth of their skulls; a third individual had survived a head injury as indicated by "a healed depressed fracture in the frontal". Others showed evidence of being wounded by arrows, the points of which remained in the legs and were overgrown by bone.</p><br>
<h3>The massacre</h3><br>
<p>Many of the bodies are missing limbs; the attackers may have taken them as trophies, scavenger animals or birds may have carried them away, or some limbs may have been left unburied in the Crow Creek village. Authors Willey and Emerson state that "they had been killed, mutilated, and scavenged before being buried". "Tongue removal, decapitation, and dismemberment of the Crow Creek victims may have been based on standard aboriginal butchering practices developed on large game animals". These are among the mutilations discovered at the Crow Creek site. In addition, scalping was performed, bodies were burned, and there is evidence of limbs being removed by various means. As stated in Willey’s dissertation, many of the mutilations suffered by the victims of the Crow Creek massacre could have been traumatic enough to result in death.</p><br>
<p>A conservative estimate of villagers who suffered scalping is 90%, but it could have been as high as 100%. This is based on skeletal remains that exhibit cuts on their skulls indicative of scalping. Men, women, and children were scalped; the only difference was that younger children were cut higher on the skull than other groups.</p><br>
<h2>Hypotheses</h2><br>
<p>The events leading to this massacre are unknown, but there are many hypotheses. The most plausible is that this was internecine warfare, and that "overpopulation, land-use patterns, and an unstable climate caused the people to compete for available farmland" and other resources. The malnutrition suffered by the Crow Creek villagers was most likely common for people in that region during this time period. Because of this, there is a strong chance that another Initial Coalescent group or several groups in the region attacked the Crow Creek village for its arable land and resources.</p><br>
<h2>Reburial and further study</h2><br>
<p>Before the excavations could proceed, there was consultation by the Corps of Engineers and the University of South Dakota Archaeology Laboratory team with the Crow Creek Sioux Reservation Tribal Council, as well as representatives of the Mandan and Arikara peoples, who now live mostly on a reservation in North Dakota. The researchers agreed to the tribal council request that the remains stay within South Dakota for the entire period of study and that, after study, the remains should be reburied on the Crow Creek site, the place where the families had lived and died. Particularly given the scale of the reburial, the case attracted international attention. While Native American tribes had been requesting return of remains and artifacts held by museums and historic societies, this would be the largest reburial of remains. Some archeologists and human osteologists criticized the agreement at the time, "contending that new techniques would have allowed substantially more information to be gleaned from the remains if they had been curated for eventual restudy."</p><br>
<p>At the request of the Arikara, the remains were placed in five burial vaults. In order to avoid disturbing the site, the vaults were buried in areas where earlier archeological excavations had taken place in the 1950s. The study took three years, and the reburial took place in late summer 1981. Several Christian ceremonies, a traditional Lakota ceremony, and a private Arikara ceremony were offered at the time.</p><br>
<p>The reburial was controversial and one of the largest ever to have occurred in the United States. Some researchers thought the remains should have been preserved for more study. However, so much skeletal evidence was gathered that many studies were still made through the mid-1990s, based on measurements, photographs, and radiographs of the remains taken during those three years. New (21st Century) analyses of the dates on the massacre and the occupational history of the site are also being made, which may change some interpretations.</p><br>
<h2>Legacy</h2><br>
<p>"In 1989 the World Archaeological Congress met at the University of South Dakota for a forum entitled "Archeological Ethics and the Treatment of the Dead." Archeologists and Indigenous people from twenty countries and twenty-seven Native American nations debated the repatriation issue, eventually passing the Vermillion Accord. This accord influenced the passage of several provincial laws in Canada and ethics codes for both the World Archaeological Congress and the Australian Archaeological Association." This has influenced passage of laws in Canada and the United States, as well as ethics codes for the World Archaeological Congress and Australian Archaeological Association.</p><br>
<p>Since the reburial, Congress and South Dakota have passed laws governing consultation with tribes, and return of remains and artifacts of cultural importance. The most far-reaching federal legislation was the 1990 Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (Public Law 101-601).</p><br>
<p>The Beskids or Beskid Mountains , Бескиди ) is a traditional name for a series of mountain ranges in the Carpathians, stretching from the Czech Republic in the west along the border of Poland with Slovakia up to Ukraine in the east.</p><br>
<p>The highest mountain in the Beskids is Hoverla, at 2,061 m metres (6,762 ft), located in the Ukrainian Chornohora range.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The origin of the name beskydy has not been conclusively established. A Thracian or Illyrian origin has been suggested, however, as yet, no theory has majority support among linguists. The word appears in numerous mountain names throughout the Carpathians and the adjacent Balkan regions, like in Albanian bjeshkë. The Slovak name Beskydy refers to the Polish Bieszczady Mountains, which is not a synonym for the entire Beskids but one single range, belonging to the Eastern Beskids. According to another linguistic theory, it may be related to Middle Low German beshêt, beskēt, meaning watershed.</p><br>
<p>Historically the Beschad Alpes Poloniae, first mentioned in a 1269 deed and called Poloniae Alpe Biesczade in the 17th century, denoted the mountain ranges which separated the Kingdom of Poland from Ruthenia and the Kingdom of Hungary.</p><br>
<h2>Definition</h2><br>
<p>The Beskids are approximately 600 km in length and 50–70 km in width. They stand mainly along the southern border of Lesser Poland with northern Slovakia, stretching to the Moravia and Czech Silesia regions of the eastern Czech Republic and to Carpathian Ruthenia in western Ukraine. Parts form the European Watershed, separating the Oder and Vistula basins in the north from the Eastern Slovak Lowland, part of the Great Hungarian Plain drained by the Danube River.</p><br>
<p>Geologically all of the Beskids stand within the Outer Western Carpathians and the Outer Eastern Carpathians. In the west they begin at the natural pass of the Moravian Gate, which separates them from the Eastern Sudetes, continue east in a band to the north of the Tatra Mountains, and end in Ukraine. The eastern termination of the Beskids is disputed. According to older sources, the Beskids end at the source of the Tisza River, while newer sources state that the Beskids end at the Uzhok Pass at the Polish-Ukrainian border.</p><br>
<h2>Subdivisions</h2><br>
<p>Multiple traditions, languages and nationalities have developed overlapping variants for the divisions and names of the Beskid ranges. According to the divisions of the Carpathians, they are categorized within:</p><br>
<p>Outer Western Carpathians</p><br>
<p>West-Beskidian Piedmont, in the Czech Republic and Poland</p><br>
<p>*Silesian-Moravian Foothills</p><br>
<p>*Silesian Foothills</p><br>
<p>Western Beskids</p><br>
<p>*Hostýnsko-vsetínská hornatina, in the Czech Republic</p><br>
<p>*Moravian-Silesian Beskids, spanning the Czech Republic (Moravia and Czech Silesia) and Slovakia</p><br>
<p>*Silesian Beskids, southwest of Bielsko-Biała in Poland and the Czech Republic</p><br>
<p>*Żywiec Beskids, in Poland</p><br>
<p>Polish Western Beskids (Beskidy Zachodnie)</p><br>
<p>*Little Beskids</p><br>
<p>*Maków Beskids</p><br>
<p>*Island Beskids</p><br>
<p>*Gorce Mountains</p><br>
<p>Central Beskids (Slovak: Stredné Beskydy)</p><br>
<p>*Orava Beskids, in Poland and Slovakia</p><br>
<p>*Orava Magura, in Slovakia</p><br>
<p>*Orava Highlands, in Slovakia</p><br>
<p>*Kysucké Beskydy, in Slovakia</p><br>
<p>Slovak Eastern Beskids (Východné Beskydy)</p><br>
<p>*Čergov</p><br>
<p>*Pieniny</p><br>
<p>Outer Eastern Carpathians</p><br>
<p>Central Beskidian Piedmont, in Poland</p><br>
<p>*Pogórze Bukowskie</p><br>
<p>Low Beskids (Slovak: Nízke Beskydy)</p><br>
<p>*Ondavská Highlands, in Slovakia</p><br>
<p>*Polish Low Beskids (Beskid Niski) and Slovak Laborec Highlands</p><br>
<p>Eastern Beskids and the Ukrainian Carpathians</p><br>
<p>*Bieszczady Mountains in Poland and Bukovec Mountains in Slovakia</p><br>
<p>*Skole Beskids, in Ukraine</p><br>
<p>*Gorgany, in Ukraine</p><br>
<p>*Svydovets, in Ukraine</p><br>
<p>*Chornohora, in Ukraine</p><br>
<h2>Infrastructure</h2><br>
<p>The Beskids are currently rich in forest and coal. In the past they were rich in iron ore, with important plants in Ostrava and Třinec – Třinec Iron and Steel Works.</p><br>
<p>There are many tourist attractions, including historic wooden churches (see Wooden Churches of Southern Little Poland, Carpathian Wooden Churches of Slovakia, and Wooden Churches of Ukraine) and the increasingly popular skiing resorts.</p><br>
<p>A number of environmental groups support a small but growing population of bears, wolves and lynx in the ecosystem of the Beskidy mountains. The Central Beskids include the Polish Babia Góra National Park and the adjacent Slovak Horná Orava Protected Landscape Area.</p><br>
<p>The Glenmore Reservoir is a large artificial reservoir on the Elbow River in the southwest quadrant of Calgary, Alberta. The Glenmore Dam is the concrete structure that holds back the reservoir. The reservoir is a primary source of drinking water to the city. Built in 1932, with a cost of $3.8 million, the dam controls the downstream flow of the Elbow River, thus allowing the city to develop property near the river&#39;s banks with less risk of flooding.</p><br>
<p>The reservoir has a water mirror of 3.84 km&sup2; and a drainage basin of 1,210 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<p>In 2014, the city announced plans to upgrade the dam at a cost of $81 million.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Calgary pioneer Sam Livingston originally settled at the location of the reservoir, and he gave the name Glenmore (Gaelic for "big valley") to this area.</p><br>
<p>The dam was completed on January 31, 1933 and was designed by William Gore and Bill Storie. When the area flooded (by the summer of 1933), part of the Livingston house was preserved and now stands in Heritage Park, which borders on the reservoir.</p><br>
<h3>2005 flood</h3><br>
<p>Although the dam usually provides effective flood protection, a major flood in June 2005 caused the reservoir to exceed its capacity. The excess spilled over the dam and into the river. The flow downstream increased from its normal average of 20-30 cubic metres per second up to 350 cubic metres per second. As a result, some roads were closed and 2,000 Calgarians who lived downstream were evacuated. The Glenmore water treatment plant had difficulty treating the heavily silted water, which caused the municipal government to issue water restrictions. The Alberta government estimated the floods in the area to be the heaviest flooding in at least two centuries.</p><br>
<h3>2013 flood</h3><br>
<p>In June 2013, heavy rainfall west of the city caused the reservoir to exceed its capacity. As it did in 2005, excess water spilled over the dam and into the Elbow river with downstream flows up to 544 cubic metres per second. 75,000 people from 26 neighbourhoods in the vicinity of the Bow and Elbow rivers were placed under a mandatory evacuation order as the rivers spilled over their banks and flooded neighbourhoods. City officials urged Calgarians, particularly the 350,000 people who work downtown, to stay home and limit non-essential travel. Unlike the 2005 flood, the Glenmore water treatment facility had no difficulty treating water. City officials did, however, implement municipal outdoor watering restrictions to ensure water quality remained high throughout the incident. Government officials called the flooding the worst in Alberta&#39;s history. This flood prompted a local Erlton resident to propose the Heritage Drive Tunnel Spillway as a way to divert 500 cubic metres per second of water around the downtown core and into the lower Bow River.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>The Glenmore Dam is a gravity dam which uses the downward force (weight) of the structure to resist the horizontal pressure of the water within the dam. These massive dams resist the thrust of water entirely by their own weight.</p><br>
<p>The Glenmore Water Treatment Plant, constructed in three phases in 1933, 1957 and 1965, is a conventional treatment plant that gets its water from the Elbow river. The Glenmore plant supplies drinking water to south Calgary.</p><br>
<h3>Flood control</h3><br>
<p>The reservoir is maintained at a level, depending on the flow rate of the Elbow river, that minimizes the risk of flooding around the reservoir and downstream of the dam to the greatest degree possible. During periods when the rate flow of the Elbow River reaches dangerous levels, water may be released from the dam to prevent overflow.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>The City of Calgary offers sailing lessons and boat rentals on the reservoir. The reservoir is home of the Glenmore Sailing Club, the Calgary Rowing Club and the Calgary Canoe Club for both social and organized sporting events in Calgary. From May 1 to October 31 the reservoir is open for fishing, sailing, rowing and canoeing. Swimming in the reservoir is not permitted.</p><br>
<p>Grand Bahama is the northernmost of the islands of the Bahamas, and the closest major island to the United States, lying 86 km off of Palm Beach, Florida. It is the fourth largest island in the Bahamas island chain of approximately 700 islands and 2,400 cays. The island is approximately 153 km long west to east and 24 km at its widest point north to south. Administratively, the island consists of the Freeport Bonded Area and the districts of East Grand Bahama and West Grand Bahama.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early Spanish contact</h3><br>
<p>The Spanish gave the island the name Gran Bajamar, meaning "Great Shallows", and what the eventual name of the Bahamas islands as a whole is derived from. However, the Lucayan (pre-Columbian) name for the island was Bahama. Grand Bahama&#39;s existence for almost two centuries was largely governed by the nature of these "great shallows" - the coral reefs surrounding the island were treacherous, and repelled its Spanish claimants (who largely left it alone apart from infrequent en route stops by ships for provisions) while attracting pirates, who would lure ships onto the reefs where they would run aground and be plundered. The Spaniards took little interest in the island after enslaving the native Lucayan inhabitants.</p><br>
<h3>British rule</h3><br>
<p>The islands were claimed by Great Britain in 1670. Piracy continued to thrive for at least half a century after the British takeover, though the problem was eventually brought under control.</p><br>
<p>Grand Bahama remained relatively quiet until the mid-19th century, with only around 200-400 regular inhabitants in the capital, West End. In 1834, the towns of Pinder’s Point, Russell Town and Williams Town were established by former Bahamian slaves after slavery was abolished in the British empire. The island remained under-developed until a brief boom of economic activity during the American Civil War, when it was a center for blockade runners smuggling goods (mostly weaponry, sugar and cotton) to the Confederacy. A second brief smuggling boom occurred during the years of prohibition in the US.</p><br>
<h3>Hawksbill Creek Agreement era</h3><br>
<p>By the mid-20th century, Grand Bahamas population numbered around 500 and the island was one of the least developed of the Bahamas islands. However it finally gained a stable source of income when in 1955 a Virginian financier named Wallace Groves began redevelopment with the Bahamian government to build the city of Freeport under the Hawksbill Creek Agreement and create the Grand Bahama Port Authority. Soon after, the ambitious Edward St. George, with the financial help of Sir Jack Hayward, took the company to new frontiers. Seeing the success of Cuba as a tourist destination for wealthy Americans, St. George was eager to develop Grand Bahama in a similar vein. The city grew rapidly, with St. George adding a harbour, an airport soon after the city was founded, and the tourist center of Port Lucaya in 1962. Grand Bahama became the second most populous island in the Bahamas (over 50,000 in 2004).</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>Tourism is the mainstay of the islands economy. The resort area at Port Lucaya and visits by cruise ships provide the bulk of this activity. Grand Bahamas tourism sector is complemented by the BORCO oil bunkering facility owned by Buckeye, the South Riding Point oil storage and transhipment terminal owned by Statoil, and a transshipment/container port partly owned by Hong Kong conglomerate Hutchison Whampoa and the Grand Bahama Port Authority. There are also quarrying operations on the island and a large shipyard.</p><br>
<p>There are two airports on the island: Grand Bahama International Airport in Freeport, and West End Airport in West End. Grand Bahama International Airport is the larger of the two, and West End Airport is open sporadically for private aircraft only.</p><br>
<h2>Administrative regions</h2><br>
<p>Grand Bahama is divided into three districts and seven town areas for administrative purposes. Each district is run by a Chief Councilor, and each town area or township is run by a Chairperson. As of 1996 Grand Bahama has three districts.</p><br>
<p>East Grand Bahama</p><br>
<p>West Grand Bahama</p><br>
<p>The City of Freeport</p><br>
<p>Elections are held every 5 years in Grand Bahama. The two principal parties are the Progressive Liberal Party and the Free National Movement.</p><br>
<h2>Main settlements</h2><br>
<p>Freeport is the main city of Grand Bahama, it holds the commercial ship harbour and the main airport.</p><br>
<p>Lucaya is a tourist destination on the island, with beaches and hotels.</p><br>
<p>West End is the capital of Grand Bahama. It first achieved notoriety as a rum-running port during the Prohibition.</p><br>
<p>Eight Mile Rock is the largest settlement in Grand Bahama and all of The Bahamas. It stretches out 8 miles of rocky shore, hence its name. It is home to many of recent NBA and WNBA players such as Buddy Hield and Jonquel Jones</p><br>
<p>McLeans Town is the easternmost settlement and a 30-minute ferry ride from the northernmost settlement of the neighbor island of Abaco.</p><br>
<p>Eleuthera refers both to a single island in the archipelagic state of The Commonwealth of the Bahamas and to its associated group of smaller islands. Eleuthera forms a part of the Great Bahama Bank. The island of Eleuthera incorporates the smaller Harbour Island. "Eleuthera" derives from the feminine Greek adjective ἐλεύθερος , meaning "free". Known in the 17th century as Cigateo, it lies 80 km  east of Nassau. It is long and thin—180 km  long and in places little more than 1.6 km  wide. Its eastern side faces the Atlantic Ocean, and its western side faces the Great Bahama Bank. The topography of the island varies from wide rolling pink sand beaches to large outcrops of ancient coral reefs, and its population is approximately 11,000. The principal economy of the island is tourism.</p><br>
<h2>Geography and wildlife</h2><br>
<p>The name Eleuthera refers both to the single Bahamian island and is also used to refer to its associated chain of small islands, which include Harbour Island, Windermere Island, Man Island and Current Island. Eleuthera forms part of the Great Bahama Bank on its western edge and its eastern coastline faces the Atlantic Ocean. The main island lies 80 km (50 miles) east of Nassau. and presents 336 km (210 miles) of coastline.</p><br>
<p>The topography of the island varies, including wide rolling pink sand beaches, large outcrops of ancient coral reefs, caves and other geological features.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The island&#39;s first settlers are believed to have originated from the main continent of the Americas. This included the original population of Taino, or Arawaks. The island in its early history was known as Cigateo, but this name changed following subsequent European settlement.</p><br>
<p>The island is believed to have been largely unoccupied until the first European settlers arrived in volume, with Puritan colonists (who formed the previous year in London) arriving in 1648 from other parts of Bermuda. The difficulties of settlement ultimately left only a few of the settlers on the island, thwarting their aim of creating the first democracy in the Western Hemisphere (almost 130 years prior to the American Revolution).</p><br>
<p>The island was stated to have been agriculturally prosperous in the period from 1950 to 1980. This included a large crop of pineapples for exports. When the Bahamas became independent from Britain in 1973, new ownership laws changed the nature of the island economy. Since then the island has become a popular tourist destination.</p><br>
<p>In 1992 the island was severely damaged by the category 5 Hurricane Andrew; massive wind speeds hit the island and an 18-foot tidal surge inundated the coastal area. Relief efforts helped mitigate some of the damage, including a number of relief tasks that were carried out by HMS Cardiff as the vessel was operating in the area.</p><br>
<h2>Demography</h2><br>
<p>In 2000, the official census taken by the Government of the Bahamas recorded a population of 7,999 persons on the island. In 2010, the official census recorded the population as 8,202 spread across 2,718 separate households.</p><br>
<h2>Economy and settlements</h2><br>
<p>Settlements on the island include (north to south) the Bluff, Upper and Lower Bogue, Current, Gregory Town, Alice Town, James Cistern, Governors Harbour, North and South Palmetto Point, Savannah Sound, Winding Bay, Tarpum Bay, Rock Sound, Greencastle, Deep Creek, Delancy Town, Waterford, Wemyss Bight, John Millars, Millars and Bannerman Town.</p><br>
<p>The largest of the settlements are Governor&#39;s Harbour (the administrative capital), Rock Sound, Tarpum Bay, Harbour Island with its unusual pink sandy beaches and Spanish Wells. The largest settlements in terms of population in Eleuthera are Dunmore Town, Spanish Wells and Rock Sound.</p><br>
<p>There is an annual Pineapple Festival in Gregory Town. Eleuthera is a destination for those interested in Bahamian history and nature, and neighboring Harbour Island and Spanish Wells offer further tourism experiences. Natural attractions include the Glass Window Bridge, Hatchet Bay caves and Surfers Beach in the north, and Ocean Hole and Lighthouse Beach at the south end. Preachers Cave on the north end was home to the Eleutherian Adventurers in the mid-17th century, and recent excavations have uncovered Arawak remains at the site. As of 2000, per capita GDP for the island was: $5756 Bahamian, with a chief human economic activity being tourism, and 6% of population being involved in fishing, agriculture, or mining.</p><br>
<h2>Education</h2><br>
<p>The Island School is a private secondary school in Eleuthera. The Deep Creek Middle School is an independent school on Eleuthera for grades seven to nine. There are 12 primary schools (grades 1 to 6) on Eleuthera; Deep Creek Primary, Emma E. Cooper Primary, Governor&#39;s Harbour Primary, Green Castle Primary, Gregory Town Primary, James Cistern Primary, Current Island Primary, North Eleuthera Primary, P.A. Gibson Primary, Rock Sound Primary, Tarpum Bay Primary and Wemyss Bight Primary schools.</p><br>
<p>The Cape Eleuthera Institute is a research and summer education institute on the main island. The Haynes Public library is located in Governors Harbour in a historical building constructed in 1897; it is the oldest Government Complex on the island.</p><br>
<h2>Transport</h2><br>
<p>The island is reached by sea and by air links from the rest of The Bahamas. Three airports serve the island.North Eleuthera Airport, with a 1,835 m runway on the north part of the island and located inland. Governor&#39;s Harbour Airport is located in the middle of the main island and has services to Nassau. Rock Sound Airport is an airport in the South Eleuthera district of the Bahamas. Its name comes from the former district of Rock Sound.</p><br>
<p>The main island has one principal road, the Queens Road, which runs the length of the island. The road runs for a total length of 177 km. In 2009, 13 million USD was given by the Bahamas government for roadworks of 97 km.</p><br>
<p>Ports and marinas open for traffic on Eleuthera include Governor&#39;s Harbour, Current Island, Harbour Island & North Eleuthera, Rock Sound and Spanish Wells. In 2011 a number of improvements were carried out to the docks at Current Island to improve access for vehicular traffic, including replacement of the wooden jetty.</p><br>
<h2>USA military bases</h2><br>
<h3>NAVFAC Eleuthera</h3><br>
<p>The United States Naval Facility (NAVFAC) Eleuthera, Bahamas was located near Governor&#39;s Harbour Airport. It was commissioned on 1 September 1957, with a complement of 150 officers and enlisted men, and a Western Electric engineer and 45 Bahamian employees also supported the base. Adjacent to the NAVFAC was the original site of the first experimental array and electronics, operated by two Western Electric engineers and a few military personnel, which continued in service as an avenue for experiments. NAVFAC Eleuthera was decommissioned 31 March 1980 after 23 years of service.</p><br>
<h3>Eleuthera AAFB</h3><br>
<p>The US Air Force Eastern Test Range (ETR) Range Tracking Station No. 4 was sited at Eleuthera AAFB (ELU AUXILIARY AIR FORCE BASE), supported by contractor employees of the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) and Pan American Airways (PAA) in the 1960s and 1970s. This was used by the MISTRAM system.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The island inspired a song of the same name, albeit spelled Eleutheria (1993), by Lenny Kravitz. Kravitz is a resident of the island and has stated many of his songs were written while on the island.</p><br>
<p>Burrard Inlet is a relatively shallow-sided coastal fjord in southwestern British Columbia, Canada. Formed during the last Ice Age, it separates the City of Vancouver and the rest of the low-lying Burrard Peninsula  from the slopes of the North Shore Mountains, home to the communities of West Vancouver and the City and District of North Vancouver.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>What is now known as Burrard Inlet has been home to the Indigenous peoples of the Musqueam, Sḵwxwú7mesh and Tsleil-waututh, who have resided in this territory for thousands of years. In 1791, the first European explorers in the region, Juan Carrasco and José María Narváez, sailing under orders of Francisco de Eliza, entered the western part of the inlet in their ship, the Santa Saturnina. They failed to find the Fraser River, mistaking the lowland of the river&#39;s delta as a major inlet of the sea, which they named Canal de Floridablanca. This led to one of the prime objectives of the 1792 expedition of Dionisio Alcalá Galiano, which was to determine the exact nature of the Canal de Floridablanca. Galiano spent many days exploring the general area, realizing that there was a great river there and sighting Burrard Inlet itself on June 19, 1792. Just days later, the inlet was again named by Captain George Vancouver, after his friend and former shipmate Captain (later Admiral) Sir Harry Burrard.</p><br>
<p>In 1888, the inlet was described in The British Columbia Pilot published by the British Admiralty as follows.</p><br>
<p>Burrard inlet differs from most of the great sounds of this coast in being comparatively easy of access to steam vessels of any size or class, and in the convenient depth of water for anchorage which may be found in almost every part of it; its close proximity to Fraser river, with the great facilities for constructing roads between the two places, and its having become the terminus of the Pacific and Canadian Railway, likewise add considerably to its importance. It is divided into three distinct harbours, viz., English bay or the outer anchorage; Vancouver (formerly called Coal harbour), above the First Narrows; and Port Moody at the head of the eastern arm of the inlet.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The inlet runs almost directly east from the Strait of Georgia to Port Moody and is urbanized on most of its shores. About two-thirds of the way east from the sea, a secondary, much steeper-sided, glacial fjord, Indian Arm, extends straight north from the main inlet, between Belcarra and Deep Cove in North Vancouver, then on into mountainous wilderness. (Indian River, a small dock at the north end of the arm, can be reached by a washed-out logging road from Squamish.)</p><br>
<p>From Point Atkinson and Point Grey on the west to Port Moody in the east, the inlet is about 25 km long; Indian Arm extends about 20 km north. Settlements on the shores of Burrard Inlet include Vancouver, West Vancouver, North Vancouver, Burnaby, and Port Moody. Three bridges, the First Narrows Bridge (alias Lions Gate Bridge) (built in the 1930s), the Ironworkers Memorial Second Narrows Crossing (1960) and the CNR railway bridge (1969) at the Second Narrows, and the SeaBus passenger ferry, cross the inlet. It is widest (about 3 km) between the First and Second Narrows, also the busiest part of Vancouvers port.</p><br>
<h2>The Port of Vancouver</h2><br>
<p>Protected from the open ocean, the calm waters of Burrard Inlet form Vancouvers primary port area, an excellent one for large ocean-going ships. While some of the shoreline is residential and commercial, much is port-industrial, including railyards, terminals for container and bulk cargo ships, grain elevators, and (towards the eastern end) oil refineries. Freighters waiting to load or discharge cargoes in the inlet often anchor in English Bay, which lies south of the mouth of the inlet and is separated from it by Vancouvers downtown peninsula and Stanley Park.</p><br>
<p>On the main inlet, a few park areas remain forested as they were centuries ago, but the steep slopes of Indian Arm are so impassable that most have seen no development, despite the proximity of such a major city. Only in 2003 was a rough wilderness hiking trail around the whole of Indian Arm completed, and it was the work of one man over many years.</p><br>
<h2>Major crossings</h2><br>
<p>Lions Gate Bridge</p><br>
<p>Ironworkers Memorial Second Narrows Crossing</p><br>
<p>Second Narrows Bridge</p><br>
<p>SeaBus</p><br>
<p>The Second Leiter Building, also known as the Leiter II Building, the Sears Building, One Congress Center, and Robert Morris Center, is located at the northeast corner of South State Street and East Congress Parkway in Chicago, Illinois. . This landmark of the Chicago school of architecture gained fame for being one of the earliest commercial buildings constructed with a metal skeleton frame remaining in the United States.</p><br>
<p>Built in 1891 by Levi Z. Leiter, (1834-1904), the Second Leiter Building was designed by architect William Le Baron Jenney, who implemented the skeletal frame made of steel to make the design fireproof. The building was leased by Levi Leiter to the department store of Siegel, Cooper and Company who occupied it for approximately seven years. After Siegel Cooper closed, the building hosted various tenants until it became the downtown flagship store of Sears, Roebuck and Company in 1932. Sears occupied the space the until 1986 when it decided to close the store and the space was leased to other tenants.</p><br>
<p>The structure is eight floors and occupies the entire block of State Street between Congress Parkway and Van Buren Street. The State Street facade consists of nine bays separated by wide pilasters. The pilasters are capped by simple capitals and an unadorned cornice crowns the entire structure. The Congress and Van Buren facades are three bays wide with measurements of 400 ft by 143 ft. Within each bay are four windows on each floor aligned vertically. The building is faced with a pink granite. Each floor contains 50,000 ft&sup2; with 16 ft ceilings and could be divided to house multiple tenants.</p><br>
<p>Its predecessor, the First Leiter Building, was designed by Jenney in 1879 and stood at Wells and Monroe until it was demolished in 1972. The Second Leiter Building was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976, and a Chicago Landmark on January 14, 1997. In 1998, the building became home to the Chicago campus of Robert Morris University-Illinois.</p><br>
<p>Mount Asama is an active complex volcano in central Honshū, the main island of Japan. The volcano is the most active on Honshū. The Japan Meteorological Agency classifies Mount Asama as rank A. It stands 2,568 m above sea level on the border of Gunma and Nagano prefectures. It is included in 100 Famous Japanese Mountains. A cruiser class of the Imperial Japanese Navy was named after it, including lead ship Asama.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Mount Asama sits at the conjunction of the Izu-Bonin-Mariana Arc and the Northeastern Japan Arc. The mountain is built up from non-alkali mafic and pyroclastic volcanic rocks dating from the Late Pleistocene to the Holocene. The main rock type is andesite and dacite.</p><br>
<p>Scientists from University of Tokyo and Nagoya University completed their first successful imaging experiment of the interior of the volcano in April 2007. By detecting sub-atomic particles called muons as they passed through the volcano after arriving from space, the scientists were able gradually to build up a picture of the interior, creating images of cavities through which lava was passing deep inside the volcano.</p><br>
<p>A University of Tokyo volcano observatory is located on the mountain&#39;s east slope. Volcanic gas emissions from this volcano are measured by a Multi-Component Gas Analyzer System, which detects pre-eruptive degassing of rising magmas, improving prediction of volcanic activity.</p><br>
<h2>Eruptive history</h2><br>
<p>The geologic features of this active volcano are closely monitored with seismographs and strategically positioned video cameras. Scientists have noted a range of textural variety in the ash which has been deposited in the region during the serial eruptions since the Tennin eruption of 1108.</p><br>
<h3>2009 eruptions</h3><br>
<p>Mount Asama erupted in early February 2009, sending ash to a height of 2 km, and throwing rocks up to 1 km from the crater. Ash fall was reported in Tokyo, 145 km southeast of the volcano crater. On 16 February there were 13 recorded volcanic earthquakes and an eruption emitting smoke and ash in a cloud 400 m high.</p><br>
<p>Mount Asama continued to have small eruptions, tremors and earthquakes in February and remained on level-3 alert (with a danger zone within 4 km of the crater).</p><br>
<h3>2008 eruptions</h3><br>
<p>Three small ash eruptions occurred at Asama volcano in August 2008. This was the first activity at the volcano since 2004.</p><br>
<h3>2004 eruption</h3><br>
<p>A single vulcanian eruption occurred at Asama volcano at 11:02 UT on 1 September 2004. Incandescent blocks were ejected from the summit and caused many fires. The eruption sent ash and rock as far away as 200 km.</p><br>
<h3>1995 earthquakes</h3><br>
<p>In April 1995, more than 1000 earthquakes were detected at the volcanic mountain.</p><br>
<h3>1983 eruptions</h3><br>
<p>An explosive eruption occurred on 8 April. Incandescent tephra was ejected, and ash fell 250 km from the volcano.</p><br>
<h3>1982 eruption</h3><br>
<p>Explosive eruptions occurred at the summit of Asama volcano on 26 April. Fine ash fell in Tokyo, 130 km to the SE, for the first time in 23 years.</p><br>
<h3>Tenmei eruption (1783)</h3><br>
<p>Mount Asama erupted in 1783 (Tenmei 3), causing widespread damage. The three-month-long plinian eruption that began on 9 May 1783, produced andesitic pumice falls, pyroclastic flows, lava flows, and enlarged the cone. The climactic eruption began on 4 August and lasted for 15 hours, and contained pumice falls and pyroclastic flows. The complex features of this eruption are explained by rapid deposits of coarse pyroclastic ash near the vent and the subsequent flows of lava; and these events which were accompanied by a high eruption plume which generated further injections of pumice into the air.</p><br>
<p>Isaac Titsingh&#39;s account of the Asama-yama eruption was posthumously published in French in Paris in 1820; and an English translation was published in London in 1822. These books were based on Japanese sources; and the work represented first of its kind to be disseminated in Europe and the West.</p><br>
<p>The volcano&#39;s devastation exacerbated what was already known as the "Great Tenmei Famine". Much of the agriculturally productive land in Shinano and Kōzuke provinces would remain fallow or under-producing for the next four or five years. The effects of this eruption were made worse because, after years of near or actual famine, neither the authorities nor the people had any remaining reserves. The 4 August eruption killed up to 1,400 people, with an additional 20,000 more deaths caused by the famine.</p><br>
<h3>Tennin eruption (1108)</h3><br>
<p>The eruption of Mount Asama in 1108 (Tennin 1) has been the subject of studies by modern science. Records suggest that the magnitude of this plinian eruption was twice as large as that of the Tenmei catastrophe in 1783.</p><br>
<h3>Marking the span of Japan's history</h3><br>
<p>The eruptions of Mount Asama mark the span of Japans recorded history, including: 2009, 2008, 2004, 2003, 1995, 1990, 1983, 1982, 1973, 1965, 1961, 1958–59, 1953–55, 1952, 1952, 1950–51, 1949, 1947, 1946, 1944–45, 1938–42, 1935–37, 1934, 1934, 1933, 1931–32, 1930, 1929, 1929, 1927–28, 1924, 1922, 1920–21, 1919, 1918?, 1917, 1916, 1915, 1914, 1909–14, 1908, 1908, 1907, 1907, 1906, 1905?, 1904, 1903, 1902, 1902, 1900–01, 1899, 1899, 1894, 1889, 1879, 1878?, 1875, 1869, 1815, 1803, 1803, 1783, 1779?, 1777, 1776, 1769, 1762, 1755, 1754, 1733, 1732, 1731, 1729, 1729, 1728, 1723, 1723, 1722, 1721, 1720, 1719, 1718, 1717, 1711, 1710, 1708–09, 1706, 1704, 1703, 1669, 1661, 1661, 1660, 1659, 1658, 1657, 1656, 1655, 1653, 1652, 1651, 1650?, 1649, 1648, 1648, 1647, 1645, 1644, 1609, 1605, 1604, 1600, 1598, 1597, 1596, 1596, 1595?, 1591, 1590, 1532, 1528, 1527, 1518, 1427?, 1281, 1108&#39;, 887, 685.</p><br>
<p>Note: The dates of eruptions featured in this article appear in bold italics.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>Mount Asama served as the backdrop to Japan&#39;s first color film, Carmen Comes Home. Several references are made to Mount Asama throughout the film, including a song composed by a blind composer, Mr. Taguchi.</p><br>
<p>The Burrard Peninsula is a peninsula in the Lower Mainland region of southwestern British Columbia, Canada, lying between Burrard Inlet to the north and the Fraser River to the south, and bounded by Georgia Strait on the west and the Pitt River on the east. The City of Vancouver occupies most of the western half of the peninsula.</p><br>
<p>The Squamish name for the Burrard Peninsula as a whole—or rather, for the long rise of land from Point Grey to Central Park, was Ulksen or Ulxen. The name Burrard Peninsula is rarely used in casual reference to the area among locals in favour of a specific community or neighbourhood therein.</p><br>
<h2>Extent</h2><br>
<p>There is no clear consensus on where the peninsula ends, as the Burrard Peninsula does not appear in official government gazetteers (directories of geographical features) and does not exist as a legal entity, and so has no legal definition. The peninsula is, however, attached to the mainland at its northeastern end, and as a matter of convenience, the isthmus may be taken to follow the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) across the relatively narrow, low neck of land from Port Moody at the eastern end of Burrard Inlet, through Coquitlam and Port Coquitlam southeast to the Pitt River. From where the CPR tracks cross the Pitt River, the Burrard Peninsula runs due west for approximately 40 km to Point Grey, a prominence protruding into Georgia Strait. The peninsula is approximately 6 to 8 kilometres (4 to 5 miles) wide for much of its length.</p><br>
<h2>Municipalities</h2><br>
<p>Municipalities on the peninsula include&mdash;in roughly west-to-east order&mdash;the Cities of Vancouver, Burnaby, New Westminster, Port Moody, Coquitlam, and Port Coquitlam. The University Endowment Lands (home to the main campus of the University of British Columbia) occupy unincorporated territory at the far west end of the peninsula, at Point Grey. North of the isthmus separating the peninsula from the mainland are the Villages of Belcarra and Anmore which are not on the peninsula proper, but are only accessible by road via the Burrard Peninsula.</p><br>
<h2>Landforms</h2><br>
<p>The Burrard Peninsula consists for the most part of a hilly plateau, reaching a maximum height in most places of between 100 and 150 metres (300 and 500 feet) above sea level. The plateau is bisected by a low trench running northwest to southeast, consisting of (running from west to east):</p><br>
<p>False Creek, separating the peninsula proper from Downtown Vancouver, which sits on a peninsular offshoot occasionally referred to as "Coal Peninsula&quot</p><br>
<p>the Canadian National Railway (CN) and Burlington Northern Santa Fe (BNSF) railway yards, which sit on reclaimed land at the east end of False Creek</p><br>
<p>the Grandview Cut, a trench that accommodates CNR/BNSF and SkyTrain tracks</p><br>
<p>Still Creek, which drains into Burnaby Lake</p><br>
<p>Burnaby Lake, which drains into the Brunette River; and</p><br>
<p>the Brunette River, which is the last tributary of any significant size of the Fraser River, joining the Fraser at New Westminster.</p><br>
<p>Punctuating the plateau are several prominences of land including Little Mountain (a dormant volcano, approximately 170 metres above sea level) in Vancouver, and Capitol Hill (approximately 220 metres) and Burnaby Mountain (home to the main campus of Simon Fraser University; approximately 380 metres) in Burnaby. The plateau is flanked at its eastern end by the Coquitlam River, which flows south from Coquitlam Lake on the mainland into the Fraser River, its mouth lying upstream from the Brunette River. The land east of the Coquitlam River is largely flat and lying close to sea level, except for the stand-alone rise of Mary Hill in Port Coquitlam (approximately 70 metres).</p><br>
<h2>Land use</h2><br>
<p>The Burrard Peninsula has been extensively urbanized, and includes the largest and densest populations in the Metro Vancouver region, and in British Columbia more generally.</p><br>
<p>While originally extensively forested, since the mid-19th century the Burrard Peninsula has gradually become essentially one large cityscape. Its largest remaining green spaces include Pacific Spirit Regional Park in Point Grey, Stanley Park in Downtown Vancouver, the areas around Burnaby Mountain, Central Park, Burnaby Lake, and Deer Lake in Burnaby, and Mundy Park and the Coquitlam River in Coquitlam.</p><br>
<p>Glaslyn  is a lake in the Snowdonia National Park in Gwynedd, north-west Wales.</p><br>
<p>It is found at approximately 600 m above sea level in a cwm on the eastern flanks of Snowdon. It is a rough ellipse in shape, about 500 m east–west and about 300 m north–south, and the Miners&#39; Track runs along the northern shore.</p><br>
<p>Glaslyn is the source of the Afon Glaslyn, the major river of Gwynedd, which runs east to the reservoir of Llyn Llydaw before turning south-west to reach the sea at Porthmadog.</p><br>
<h2>Folklore</h2><br>
<p>In Welsh folklore, Arthur had Bedivere throw his sword Excalibur into Glaslyn, where Arthurs body was later placed in a boat to be carried away to Afallon. Arthurs men then retreated to a cave on the slopes of Y Lliwedd, where they are said to sleep until such time as they are needed. Merlin is supposed to have hidden the golden throne of Britain among the cliffs north of Crib y Ddysgl when the Saxons invaded.</p><br>
<p>Glaslyn was also the final resting place of a water monster, known as an afanc (also the Welsh word for beaver), which had plagued the people of the Conwy valley. They tempted the monster out of the water with a young girl, before securing it with chains and dragging it to Glaslyn. A large stone known as Maen Dur Arddu, below Clogwyn Dur Arddu, is supposed to have magical powers. Like several other sites in Wales, it is said that if two people spend the night there, one will become a great poet while the other will become insane. Llyn Coch in Cwm Clogwyn has been associated with the Tylwyth Teg (fairies), including a version of the fairy bride legend.</p><br>
<p>Llyn Llydaw  is a natural lake in Snowdonia National Park on the flanks of Snowdon, Wales&#39; highest mountain. This long thin lake has formed in a cwm about one-third of the way up the mountain.</p><br>
<p>Its special significance is that it is one of the most visited lakes in the United Kingdom. Thousands of people every year visit Snowdon and many walk past this lake on the Miners&#39; Track.</p><br>
<p>Llyn Llydaw is the largest of the three lakes on Snowdon&#39;s eastern flank. Higher up lies Glaslyn, and lower down lies Llyn Teyrn.</p><br>
<p>The lake featured in Robson Greens Wild Swimming Adventure (ITV December 2009), chosen because it is allegedly the coldest lake in Britain. Greens website states that the water was 7 degrees Celsius, but other Welsh lakes are often colder than this.</p><br>
<p>The Madre de Dios River, homonymous to the Peruvian region it runs through, flows into the Beni River in Bolivia, which then turns northward into Brazil, where it joins with the Mamore River to become the Madeira River. The Madeira is a tributary to the Amazon River.</p><br>
<p>The Madre de Dios is an important waterway for the department of Madre de Dios, particularly Puerto Maldonado, the largest town in the area, and the capital of the department. Mango farming and gold mining are among the many industries on its beaches. Other important industries the Madre de Dios provides are selective logging and farming, both of which are serious environmental problems. Along the length of the river there are several national parks and reserves, notably Tambopata-Candamo National Park, Manú National Park (also known as Manú Biosphere Reserve) and Bahuaja-Sonene National Park.</p><br>
<h2>Hydrography</h2><br>
<p>The Madre de Dios serves as the largest watershed in the area, as part of the vast Amazon River watershed. The river&#39;s main tributaries include the Chivile, Azul, Blanco, Los Amigos, Manú, Inambari, Tambopata and Colorado rivers.</p><br>
<p>Colonial Club is one of the eleven current eating clubs of Princeton University in Princeton, New Jersey, United States.*</p><br>
<p>Founded in 1891, it is the fifth oldest of the clubs. It is located on 40 Prospect Avenue.</p><br>
<p>A private social club for undergraduates at Princeton University, the club was referred to as "flamboyant Colonial" in F. Scott Fitzgerald&#39;s debut novel, This Side of Paradise, and was defined as being one of the "top five" clubs along with Ivy, Cottage, Cap & Gown, and Tiger Inn. As the first eating club to both abandon the selective bicker process and become coeducational in 1969, Colonial Club has been heralded for its progressive legacy.</p><br>
<p>Colonial Club has been affiliated with over 7 Rhodes Scholars and several Valedictorians of Princeton University. Among the Princetonians who were involved in the World War II code-breaking at Bletchley Park,</p><br>
<p>some were allegedly from Colonial Club.</p><br>
<p>The club has served as the primary social scene for several notable alumni during their undergraduate years, including former Colonial Club Vice President Joseph Nye 58, co-founder of the international relations theory of neoliberalism, Pete Conrad 53, third man to walk on the moon, Eric Schmidt 76, executive chairman of Alphabet Inc. and former CEO of Google, and Ted Cruz 92, USA Senator and candidate for the Republican nomination for President of the United States in the 2016 election.</p><br>
<h2>Clubhouse</h2><br>
<p>The club occupies a large mansion on the north side of Prospect Avenue in Princeton, NJ. The building is easily recognizable by its four large white columns fashioned in Colonial style. The current building has served as the clubhouse for Colonial since 1906. After originally occupying several locations farther away from campus, the current house was built during a time of strong rivalry between eating clubs, across the street from rival clubs Ivy and Cottage.</p><br>
<p>Colonials first clubhouse was located on 306 Nassau Street and served as the clubs residence for only one year. In 1892, the club moved to a house on 186 Nassau Street fashioned in the period&#39;s cottage architecture, featuring a front facade in the Queen Anne style. The club subsequently moved to Prospect Avenue in 1897, taking over the old Ivy Club house and changing the exterior by adding decorative columns and enlarging the lower floor. This third clubhouse lasted 9 years until the current clubhouse was built, funded by the issuance of bonds to graduate members and alumni.</p><br>
<p>The current clubhouse features a wide variety of facilities, including a large foyer, cloak room, dining hall, kitchen, library, home theatre, game and billiards room, taproom, computer cluster, offices, various study rooms, and over a dozen bedrooms. The clubs undergraduate officers reside in the mansions third floor.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early History</h3><br>
<h4>Foundation</h4><br>
<h4>Great War Era</h4><br>
<p>After the sinking of the Lusitania, military training became the principal activity on campus. Only a few of the eating clubs remained open during this time. Colonial Club temporarily considered combining with Tiger Inn until the full membership of the various clubs returned to college after the war. Almost the entire 1917 section left college to enter various branches of service, and the entirety of the 1919 section was drafted, leading to the closing of the club. Several club members perished during World War I, including John G. Agar Jr. 14, Joseph M. Duff Jr. 12, Gordon C. Gregory 18, and Samuel F. Pogue 04. Colonial Clubs 1920 section managed to revive the club after the war, under the guidance of W. Irving Harris 20 and Harvey S. Firestone, Jr. &#39;20, who later was chairman of the board of the Firestone Tire and Rubber Company.</p><br>
<h4>Great Depression and WWII</h4><br>
<p>Surprisingly, Colonial Club enjoyed its biggest years in the thirties. The original 1933 section of thirty men was the largest that had ever entered the club up to that time, most of whom were students in the Universitys Politics Department. According to the Colonial Club 100th Anniversary Book, the most striking feature of the club proved to be the members "bland unawareness of the significance of outside events in those days...few believed that the invasion of Manchuria or Hitler&#39;s rise to power carried a personal threat to us."</p><br>
<p>Colonial Club&#39;s tradition of having its formal club dinners in New York began in 1934 in an effort to bring together graduate and undergraduate members. The tradition has continued into the 21st century, with member and alumni dinners commonly held at the Princeton Club of New York.</p><br>
<p>In the 1940s, Colonial Club continued to hold its place as one of the "Big Five" socially prominent eating clubs, along with Ivy, Cottage, Cap & Gown, and Tiger Inn. At the time, 80% of the members came from private preparatory schools, largely in New York, Philadelphia, and Boston, with the primary campus activity being Triangle Club and crew. Membership dropped during World War II, with over 18 members ranging from the 1914 section to the 1941 section perishing in the conflict.</p><br>
<h4>Cold War Era</h4><br>
<p>After the world war, however, Colonials extravagant style and activities returned to the clubs normal affairs. Nearly $15,000 (around $150,000 in 2016) was once spent to hire Lester Lanins Orchestra, and parties reminiscent of those in the Roaring Twenties became a staple of club life. By the end of the 50s, many of the traditional social amenities of earlier eras began to fade; buffet style became fashionable in lieu of the clubs traditional white tablecloths, linen napkins, and waiters.</p><br>
<p>In the 60s, the club experienced several changes. The clubhouses third floor bedrooms, which long held the staff of waiters, were renovated into rooms for members. Variable section sizes and a drop in alumni financial support occasionally led to tough financial situations for the club. During this time, Colonial became the first of the clubs to go non-selective in 1969. This move, strongly encouraged by university officials, coincided with the clubs admittance of female members. Unlike some of the other eating clubs including Ivy Club, which did not allow women until a lawsuit in 1991, Colonial permitted women to join once Princeton University began to admit women as undergraduates in the same year. The inclusion of women in the club&#39;s daily life noticeably led to more small parties and events around the clubhouse.</p><br>
<p>The clubs financial difficulties gradually continued into the 70s and 80s, during which the clubs Graduate Board of Governors considered closing the club. Efforts by several of the undergraduate officers, including president Jaime Isbester and vice president April Gilbert, kept the club afloat via a fundraising campaign that raised more than $650,000 (over $2 million in 2016). Graduate members including Jack Dorrance 41, then chairman of the Campbell Soup Company, single-handedly donated over $100,000 in the clubs Centennial Campaign.</p><br>
<h3>Modern History</h3><br>
<h4>2000s</h4><br>
<p>Interest in the club reached a low point in 1999 when only 26 members of the class of 2001 signed into Colonial. Aggressive event planning by the classes of 2000 and 2001, along with generous alumni support and an enthusiastic and dedicated class of 2002, brought the club back from the brink. This was at least the third time the club had been rescued from near-oblivion; 1982 and 1988 also had seen very low sign-in numbers. In 2010, however, Colonial managed to recruit only 13 members in the first round of sign-ins; this was a massive drop from the 87 first round sign-ins from the previous year. The club was still able to attract a substantial number of new members during the second round of sign-ins that same year. In 2011, a huge turnaround occurred when over 130 sophomores signed into the club, which was the largest number of sophomores to join any of the eating clubs.</p><br>
<p>Throughout this period, the club has seen both the size and demographics of each section shift drastically. Nonetheless, the openness of the club, as demonstrated in 1969, remained a hallmark of the club&#39;s culture and shaped the club into the next decade.</p><br>
<h2>Club Culture</h2><br>
<h3>Activities and Traditions</h3><br>
<p>Continuing its established traditions originating from the Roaring Twenties, Colonial frequently hosts events for its members and guests including game nights, intramural sports, semiformals, and winter and spring houseparties. The club also participates in events such as trivia night, club field days, bonfires, outdoor BBQs, and therapy dog study breaks.</p><br>
<p>As with other the eating clubs, Colonial has participated in the Universitys annual Lawnparties, hosting artists such as Ray J and Lil Dicky. Traditions at Colonial include its annual medieval feast and thesis phrase, where members attempt to insert a humorous line into their Princeton University senior thesis.Colonials large, white columns are often seen illuminated by lights on Friday nights, when the club is open to students of Princeton University and other members of the Princeton community.</p><br>
<p>As an eating club, Colonial members often have breakfast, lunch, and dinner at the clubhouse daily, with brunch served on the weekends. The clubs buffet-style meals often feature an open grill, smoothie station, and panini bar. Other popular options include the clubs fresh oysters, BBQ ribs, udon, fish tacos, Korean short ribs, and pork buns. In the 1960s, Colonial was the second of the eating clubs to offer a vegetarian contract, which was slightly cheaper than the regular meal plan offered to members.</p><br>
<h3>Academics and Community Service</h3><br>
<p>Colonial has been committed to maintaining a rigorous scholarly community and providing professional opportunities to its members. The club&#39;s Professor Dinner Series allows members and guests to debate and discuss various topics with university professors, who are invited weekly to the club to discuss their research or engage in conversation. Furthermore, the club manages a student-run portfolio of over $100,000 in assets under management (AUM) and hosts its own in-house software development team.</p><br>
<p>Colonial Club has enjoyed a long-standing partnership with the Princeton-Blairstown Center, a program founded in 1908 by Princeton University students and faculty that attempts to transform the lives of young people through character-building experiences. The club holds an annual charity talent show in order to raise money for a variety of nonprofit organizations including HomeFront NJ. In addition, Colonial Club is noted for its enthusiasm towards influenza vaccines, leading all Princeton eating clubs in flu shots for H1N1, H5N1, and every major flu strain seen since 1975. This was sparked by Colonial&#39;s loss of 90% of its members to the 1918 flu pandemic.</p><br>
<h3>Management</h3><br>
<p>As with the past century, Colonial Club is managed by the Graduate Board of Governors, composed of graduate members of the club, and the Undergraduate Officers, who are elected each December. Colonial Club&#39;s executive chef, Gilberto Ramirez, has been in post for over 11 years. Ramirez graduated from the French Culinary Institute and previously worked at TPC Jasna Polana. The club is also directed by a club manager, Kathleen Galante, who oversees day-to-day affairs.</p><br>
<p>Colonial Club celebrated its 125th anniversary under graduate president Joseph Studholme 84, who has led the board since 2009, and undergraduate president Christopher J. Yu 17. Continuing its 1934 tradition of having formal member-alumni dinners, the club held its 125th Anniversary Celebration with a cruise dinner aboard the Atlantica Yacht on the New York Harbor.</p><br>
<h2>Notable alumni</h2><br>
<p>Pete Conrad 53, the third man to walk on the moon, was a Colonial member. Conrad carried five Princeton flags to the moon; he later gave one to the club. This memento was destroyed in a fire while it was being framed for display at Colonials "Burn Baby Burn" Pyrotechnic extravaganza.</p><br>
<p>Other famous Colonial alumni include the late former Rhode Island senator Claiborne Pell 40, famous for creation of Pell grants in 1973; Norman Thomas 1905, the chief Socialist in the United States and Socialist candidate in every presidential election from 1928 to 1948; noted Princeton illustrator William B. Pell 1898; Eric Schmidt 76, former CEO of Google; Peter Muller 75, former Colonial Club President and founder and CEO of PDT Partners, and Wentworth Miller 95, star of the TV series Prison Break. Edward F. Cox &#39;68 married Tricia Nixon in the Rose Garden at the White House on 6-12-1971.</p><br>
<p>Texas Senator Ted Cruz is an alumnus of Colonial Club from the class of 1992.</p><br>
<p>Anne Holton, Virginia Secretary of Education and the wife of USA Senator and 2016 Democratic vice presidential nominee Tim Kaine is an alumnus of Colonial Club from the class of 1980.</p><br>
<h2>Historic photographs</h2><br>
<p>Founding Class of Colonial Club, 1891.pngFounders of Colonial Club, 1891</p><br>
<p>Colonial Club Dinner, 1920.pngColonial Club Dinner- Delmonicos, N.Y., March 27, 1920</p><br>
<p>Colonial Club Dinner 1923.png1925 Colonial Club Section Dinner</p><br>
<p>Colonial Club Houseparties 1938.pngHouseparties at Colonial Club, 1938</p><br>
<p>Members of Colonial Club in the Film "Life of Woodrow Wilson".pngMembers of Colonial Club as extras in the film "The Life of Woodrow Wilson" in the early 1940s</p><br>
<p>Colonial Club Members during the height of WWII.pngColonial Club Members during the height of WWII. Several members perished during the war.</p><br>
<p>Colonial Club Members in &#39;78.pngColonial Club members in 1978, nearly 10 years after allowing women to join</p><br>
<p>Wedding Picture at Colonial, 1981.pngWedding Picture at Colonial, August 1, 1981</p><br>
<p>Colonial Club 1992 with Ted Cruz.pngColonial Club members in 1992, featuring Rafael Ted Cruz</p><br>
<p>Pete Conrad.pngColonial Club Member, Charles "Pete" Conrad &#39;53, presents Princeton University flag taken to the moon on Apollo Flight XII to Colonial Club</p><br>
<p>Mount Aso is the largest active volcano in Japan, and is among the largest in the world. It stands in Aso Kujū National Park in Kumamoto Prefecture, on the island of Kyushu. Its peak is 1,592 m above sea level. Mt. Aso has a fairly large caldera  north-south and 18 km  east-west) with a circumference of around 120 km, although sources vary on the exact distance.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The central cone group of Aso consists of five peaks: Mt. Neko, Mt. Taka, Mt. Naka (also called Nakadake or Naka-Dake), Mt. Eboshi, and Mt. Kishima. The highest point is the summit of Mt. Taka, at 1592 m above sea level. The crater of Mt. Naka, the west side of which is accessible by road, contains an active volcano which continuously emits smoke and has occasional eruptions. Only the northernmost crater (the first crater) has been active for the last 70 years—1974, 1979, 1984–1985, 1989–1991, 2009, 2011, 2015 and 2016.</p><br>
<p>The present Aso caldera formed as a result of four huge caldera eruptions occurring over a range of 90,000–300,000 years ago. The caldera, one of the largest in the world, contains the city of Aso as well as Aso Takamori-cho and South Aso-mura. The somma enclosing the caldera extends about 18 km east to west and about 25 km north to south. Viewpoints from the somma overlooking the caldera are perched upon lava formed before the volcanic activity which created the present caldera. Ejecta from the huge caldera eruption 90,800 years ago covers more than 600 km and roughly equals the volume of Mount Fuji; it is presumed that the pyroclastic flow plateau covered half of Kyushu.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The eruption which formed the present somma occurred approximately 300,000 years ago. Four large-scale eruptions (Aso 1 – 4) occurred during a period extending from 300,000 to 90,000 years ago. As large amounts of pyroclastic flow and volcanic ash were emitted from the volcanic chamber, a huge depression (caldera) was formed as the chamber collapsed. The fourth eruption (Aso 4) was the largest, with volcanic ash covering the entire Kyushu region and even extending to Yamaguchi Prefecture.</p><br>
<p>Mt. Taka, Mt. Naka, Mt. Eboshi, and Mt. Kishima are cones formed following the fourth above-mentioned huge caldera eruption. Mt. Naka remains active today. It is presumed that Mt. Neko is older than the fourth huge caldera eruption. Aso&#39;s pyroclastic flow deposits (welded tuff) were utilized for bridge construction in the region. There are approximately 320 arched stone bridges in Kumamoto Prefecture, including the Tsujun-kyo and Reitai-kyo bridges on the Midorikawa River, which are important national cultural properties.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>Mount Aso&#39;s climate data was taken at an elevation of 1,143 m. At this elevation there is a transition between a humid subtropical climate and a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb/Dfb) with warm summers and cold winters. Precipitation is high throughout the year, and is extremely heavy in June and July with over 500 mm of rain falling in each month.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>Recently, the number of tourists visiting the area from Asian countries has been increasing. Previously, visitors could not drive their own vehicles up to the crater, but recently a car park was built a minute&#39;s walk away. The Mount Aso Ropeway also provides access. At the foot of the mountain there are also various campsites, and horse riding at Kusasenrigahama. Modern poetry has been written about the beautiful scenery at Kusasenrigahama, which has been designated a place of scenic beauty, or natural monument.</p><br>
<h2>Hot springs</h2><br>
<p>Because Mount Aso is a volcano, there are many onsen hot springs in the area. There are two hot springs within the crater that are associated with Aso Kujū National Park.</p><br>
<p>Sakurajima  is an active composite volcano and a former island in Kagoshima Prefecture in Kyushu, Japan. The lava flows of the 1914 eruption connected it with the Osumi Peninsula.</p><br>
<p>The volcanic activity still continues, dropping volcanic ash on the surroundings. Earlier eruptions built the white sands highlands in the region. The most recent eruption started on May 2, 2017. On September 13, 2016 a team of experts from Bristol University and the Sakurajima Volcano Research Centre in Japan suggested that the volcano could have a major eruption within 30 years.</p><br>
<p>Sakurajima is a stratovolcano. Its summit has three peaks, Kita-dake (northern peak), Naka-dake (central peak) and Minami-dake (southern peak) which is active now.</p><br>
<p>Kita-dake is Sakurajima&#39;s highest peak, rising to 1,117 m above sea level. The mountain is located in a part of Kagoshima Bay known as Kinkō-wan. The former island is part of the city of Kagoshima. The surface of this volcanic peninsula is about 77 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Geological history</h3><br>
<p>Sakurajima is located in the Aira caldera and formed in an enormous eruption 22,000 years ago. Several hundred cubic kilometres of ash and pumice were ejected, causing the magma chamber underneath the erupting vents to collapse. The resulting caldera is over 20 km across. Tephra fell as far as 1,000 km from the volcano. Sakurajima is a modern active vent of the same Aira caldera volcano.</p><br>
<p>Sakurajima was formed by later activity within the caldera, beginning about 13,000 years ago. It lies about 8 km south of the centre of the caldera. Its first eruption in recorded history occurred in 963 AD. Most of its eruptions are strombolian, affecting only the summit areas, but larger plinian eruptions have occurred in 1471–1476, 1779–1782 and 1914.</p><br>
<p>Volcanic activity at Kita-dake ended around 4,900 years ago: subsequent eruptions have been centered on Minami-dake. Since 2006 activity has centred on Showa crater, to the East of the summit of Minami-dake.</p><br>
<h3>1914 Eruption</h3><br>
<p>The 1914 eruption was the most powerful in twentieth-century Japan. Lava flows filled the narrow strait between the island and the mainland, turning it into a peninsula. The volcano had been dormant for over a century until 1914.</p><br>
<p>The 1914 eruption began on January 11. Almost all residents had left the island in the previous days, in response to several large earthquakes that warned them that an eruption was imminent. Initially, the eruption was very explosive, generating eruption columns and pyroclastic flows, but after a very large earthquake on January 13, 1914 which killed 35 people, it became effusive, generating a large lava flow.</p><br>
<p>Lava flows are rare in Japan—the high silica content of the magmas there mean that explosive eruptions are far more common—but the lava flows at Sakurajima continued for months.</p><br>
<p>The island grew, engulfing several smaller islands nearby, and eventually becoming connected to the mainland by a narrow isthmus. Parts of Kagoshima bay became significantly shallower, and tides were affected, becoming higher as a result.</p><br>
<p>During the final stages of the eruption, the centre of the Aira Caldera sank by about 60 cm, due to subsidence caused by the emptying out of the underlying magma chamber. The fact that the subsidence occurred at the centre of the caldera rather than directly underneath Sakurajima showed that the volcano draws its magma from the same reservoir that fed the ancient caldera-forming eruption. The eruption partly inspired a 1914 movie, The Wrath of the Gods, centering on a family curse that ostensibly causes the eruption.</p><br>
<h3>Recent Activity</h3><br>
<p>Sakurajima&#39;s activity became more prominent in 1955, and the volcano has been erupting almost constantly ever since. Thousands of small explosions occur each year, throwing ash to heights of up to a few kilometers above the mountain. The Sakurajima Volcano Observatory was set up in 1960 to monitor these eruptions.</p><br>
<p>Monitoring of the volcano and predictions of large eruptions are particularly important because of its location in a densely populated area, with the city of Kagoshima&#39;s 680,000 residents just a few kilometers from the volcano. The city conducts regular evacuation drills, and a number of shelters have been built where people can take refuge from falling volcanic debris.</p><br>
<p>In light of the dangers it presents to nearby populations, Sakurajima was designated a Decade Volcano in 1991, identifying it as worthy of particular study as part of the United Nations&#39; International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction.</p><br>
<p>Sakurajima is part of the Kirishima-Yaku National Park, and its lava flows are a major tourist attraction. The area around Sakurajima contains several hot spring resorts. One of the main agricultural products of Sakurajima is a huge basketball-sized white radish (Sakurajima daikon).</p><br>
<p>On 10 March 2009, Sakurajima erupted, sending debris up to 2 km. An eruption had been expected following a series of smaller explosions over the weekend. It is not thought there was any damage caused.</p><br>
<p>In 2011 and 2012, Sakurajima experienced several significant eruptions; volcanic activity continues into 2013.</p><br>
<p>Photographer Martin Rietze captured a rare picture of lightning within the ash plume in January 2013 during a magma ejection, which was a NASA astronomy pic of the day in March 2013.</p><br>
<p>On 18 August 2013, the volcano erupted from Showa crater and produced its highest recorded plume of ash since 2006, rising 5,000 metres high and causing darkness and significant ash falls on the central part of Kagoshima city. The eruption occurred at 16:31 and was the 500th eruption of the year.</p><br>
<p>In August 2015, Japan&#39;s meteorological agency issued a level 4 emergency warning, which urges residents to prepare to evacuate.</p><br>
<p>Scientists warned that a major eruption could soon take place at the volcano; it eventually did erupt around 20:00 on 5 February 2016.</p><br>
<p>After a long pause of eruptions at the vent, the eruptions abruptly stopped there and returned to the Showa crater, on April 4, 2016, some 8–9 days preceding major 2016 Kumamoto earthquakes on the Median Tectonic Line near Kumamoto, Japan. Then, three months later, on July 26, it spewed volcanic ash 5,000 m into the air.</p><br>
<p>A major eruption, similar in scale to the 1914 event, may occur within 25 years, Dr James Hickey said in a 2016 article.</p><br>
<h2>Timeline</h2><br>
<h2>Comparison</h2><br>
<h2>In Japanese literature</h2><br>
<p>Sakurajima is the title of a 1946 short story, written by the Japanese writer Haruo Umezaki, about a disillusioned Navy officer stationed on the volcano island towards the end of World War II as American air force planes bomb Japan. The story is based on Umezaki&#39;s own experience; he was stationed in a military cipher base in the nearby Prefecture city of Kagoshima.</p><br>
<p>The Henry Street Settlement is a not-for-profit social service agency in the Lower East Side neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City that provides social services, arts programs and health care services to New Yorkers of all ages. It was founded under the name Nurses&#39; Settlement in 1893 by progressive reformer and nurse Lillian Wald.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Settlement serves about 50,000 people each year. Clients include low-income individuals and families, survivors of domestic violence, youngsters ages 2 through 21, individuals with mental and physical health challenges, senior citizens, and arts and culture enthusiasts who attend performances, classes and exhibitions at Henry Street’s Abrons Arts Center.</p><br>
<p>The Settlement’s administrative offices are still located in its original (c. 1832) federal row houses at 263, 265 and 267 Henry Street in Manhattan. Services are offered at 17 program sites throughout the area, many of them located in buildings operated by the New York City Housing Authority.</p><br>
<p>The Settlement&#39;s buildings at 263, 265 and 267 Henry Street were designated New York City landmarks in 1966,</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1892, Lillian Wald, a 25-year-old nurse then enrolled in the Women’s Medical College, volunteered to teach a class on home health care for immigrant women at the Louis Down-Town Sabbath and Daily School on the Lower East Side. One day, she was approached by a young girl who kept repeating "mommy... baby... blood". Wald gathered some sheets from her bed-making lesson and followed the child to her home, a cramped two-room tenement apartment. Inside, she found the child’s mother who had recently given birth and in need of health care. The doctor tending to her had left because she could not afford to pay him. This was Wald’s first experience with poverty; she called the episode her "baptism by fire" and dedicated herself to bringing nursing care, and eventually education and access to the arts, to the immigrant poor on Manhattan’s Lower East Side. The next year she founded the Nurses&#39; Settlement, which later changed its name to the Henry Street Settlement.</p><br>
<p>Two years later, in 1895, Jacob Schiff, a banker and philanthropist purchased the Federal style townhouse at 265 Henry Street for the new organization to use. The building was expanded upwards with an additional story to provide more space, and Schiff donated the building to the Settlement in 1903.</p><br>
<p>The organization expanded again in 1906, when Morris Loeb bought the building at 267 Henry Street for it to use. This Greek Revival townhouse was purchased from the Hebrew Technical School for Girls, which had previously employed the architectural firm of Buchman & Fox in 1900 to redo the facade in Colonial Revival style.</p><br>
<p>In 1915, the Neighborhood Playhouse, one of the first "Little Theatres", was created by the sisters Alice and Irene Lewisohn at the corner of Grand and Pitt Streets, offering classical drama for the people of the area. The theatre still operates, as the Harry De Jur Playhouse. In 1927 the Henry Street Music School began operation.</p><br>
<p>The Settlement began leasing the townhouse at 263 Henry Street, on the other side of its original building, in 1938, using it for classrooms and residences, and in 1949 it purchased the building, which was originally built in the Federal style but had been extensively altered. This combining of the three townhouse &ndash; 263, 265 and 267 &ndash; had the consequence of preserving part of the 1820s streetscape amid what later became a crowded tenement district. The block of Henry Street between Montgomery Street and Grand Street, which also includes St. Augustine&#39;s Church, gives an impression of uptown Manhattan as it would have looked in the 1820s and 1830s. #263 Henry Street was restored in 1989 and #265 in 1992.</p><br>
<p>Today, Henry Street is known for its pioneering efforts in social service and health care delivery. Its innovations included the establishment of one of New York City’s first off-street playgrounds (1902); funding the first public school nurse (1902); starting the Visiting Nurse Service, which became independent as the Visiting Nurse Service of New York in 1944; opening one of the nation’s first mental health clinics (1946), one of the first transitional housing facilities for the homeless (1972), the first Naturally Occurring Retirement Community (NORC) in public housing (1994) and the city’s first Safe Haven shelter for homeless women (2007).</p><br>
<h2>Services</h2><br>
<p>Henry Street Settlement currently offers:</p><br>
<p>Housing - Four homeless shelters, including one for domestic violence survivors, and supportive permanent housing for formerly homeless individuals with mental health issues.</p><br>
<p>Senior Programs - a Naturally Occurring Retirement Community, the Good Companions Senior Center, a Senior Companion Program and a Meals-on-Wheels program.</p><br>
<p>Youth Programs - Day care centers, after-school services, college prep programs, youth employment, GED classes, sports and recreation programs, a peer HIV prevention program, and summer day camp.</p><br>
<p>Workforce Development Center - Job training and placement, customized staffing services.</p><br>
<p>Health and Wellness Services – State-licensed mental and primary care clinics, psychological counseling, continuing day treatment program, a parent center, HIV family services, and home housekeeping services.</p><br>
<p>Neighborhood Resource Center - A walk-in facility for benefits screening, legal counseling and access to affordable health insurance.</p><br>
<p>Abrons Arts Center – Located at 466 Grand Street, the Abrons offers arts instruction (dance, music, visual arts and theater) at affordable prices to children and adults and offers performances in three theaters, including the playhouse (circa 1915). It also has visual arts exhibitions, artist-in-residence workspaces, an arts-in-education program, and two summer camps (arts and architecture).</p><br>
<h2>In literature</h2><br>
<p>The House on Henry Street by Lillian Wald</p><br>
<p>Visiting Nurse by Sue Barton</p><br>
<p>All of a Kind Family by Sydney Taylor</p><br>
<p>Homeless by Bernard Wolf</p><br>
<p>Rongerik Atoll or Rongdrik Atoll  is a coral atoll of 17 islands in the Pacific Ocean, and is located in the Ralik Chain of the Marshall Islands, approximately 200 km east of Bikini Atoll. Its total land area is only 1.68 km&sup2, but it encloses a lagoon of 144 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Rongerik Atoll was claimed by the Empire of Germany along with the rest of the Marshall Islands in 1884. After World War I, the island came under the South Pacific Mandate of the Empire of Japan, although the island was uninhabited. Following the end of World War II, it came under the control of the United States as part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands until the independence of the Marshall Islands in 1986.</p><br>
<p>It is most famous as the temporary location from March 7, 1946 through March 14, 1948 of the Bikini Atolls indigenous population while the United States government conducted the Operation Crossroads nuclear tests. After months of food shortages and malnutrition, they were moved first to Kwajalein and finally to Kili Island. On March 1, 1954, Rongerik was exposed to radioactive fallout as a result of the detonation of Operation Castles Bravo.</p><br>
<p>Traditionally, Marshall Islanders believe Rongerik to be haunted by the Demon Girls of Ujae, which contributed to its not being inhabited.</p><br>
<p>According to Spanish researcher Emilio Pastor in a paper submitted to his government in 1948, a number of small islands in Micronesia (Kapingamarangi or Pescadores, Mapia or Güedes, Kiritimati or Matador, Rongerik or Coroa and others) continue legally under Spanish sovereignty. This is because the text of the German–Spanish Treaty of 1899 which transferred sovereignty of certain Spanish possessions in the Pacific to Germany, namely the Northern Mariana Islands (except Guam) and the Caroline Islands (including Palau), failed to include these smaller islands. Although the Spanish government studied the case in 1949 and accepted this interpretation, it has not asserted its claim to the islands.</p><br>
<p>Afon Mellte or the River Mellte is a river in Wales. It is formed by the confluence of the Afon Llia and the Afon Dringarth. It then flows south through the village of Ystradfellte to Pontneddfechan where it joins with the Nedd Fechan to become the River Neath . The river derives its name from Mellt - the Welsh word for &#39;lightning&#39; - after its tendency to rise and fall rapidly in response to heavy rainfall.</p><br>
<h2>Underground section</h2><br>
<p>The entire river runs underground for 1/2 km at Porth yr Ogof as it crosses the Carboniferous Limestone outcrop. It resurges at Pwll Glas. There are fifteen known entrances to the cave system. It is a complex maze of passageways, large and small, mostly developed along one or two major bedding planes. In extreme flood conditions the entire cave can flood to the roof. It is used heavily by school and adventure groups though sections of the cave can be hazardous for the unwary. There have been a number of fatalities over the years.</p><br>
<h2>Waterfalls</h2><br>
<p>Downstream of Porth-yr-Ogof and within Waterfalls Country, the river flows over several falls, the most significant of which are Sgwd Clun-gwyn, Sgwd Isaf Clun-gwyn and Sgwd y Pannwr - meaning white meadow fall, lower white meadow fall and fall of the woollen washer (or fuller).</p><br>
<h2>Habitat protection</h2><br>
<p>The larger part of the river and its valley is protected both as a site of special scientific interest (Dyffrynoedd Nedd a Mellte a Moel Penderyn SSSI) and as a special area of conservation (Coedydd Nedd a Mellte SAC) in respect of the bryophyte flora which the deep and wooded nature of the valleys help to support.</p><br>
<h2>Industrial archaeology</h2><br>
<p>The river provided the source of the power for the former gunpowder works at Pontneddfechan. The site is strung out along 3 km of the valley on both sides of the river. The remains of two weirs from which leats took water to drive a series of waterwheels and turbines can still be seen. All production on the site ceased in 1931.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>Much of the river is accessible to walkers with both public footpaths and concessionary paths running beside the river and giving access to the various falls. Brecon Beacons National Park Authority has worked in conjunction with the Forestry Commission and the Countryside Council for Wales, and subsequently with their successor body Natural Resources Wales, to ensure that the path erosion that has resulted from the popularity of this area is halted and reversed. A concessionary path runs through the gunpowder works site.</p><br>
<p>Visitors can park at the pay and display car parks at Cwm Porth and the nearby Gwaun Hepste or else in Pontneddfechan.</p><br>
<h2>Outdoor activities</h2><br>
<p>The river and surrounding area is a hot spot for many different outdoor activities including the famous waterfall walks, caving, canyoning, gorge walking and white water kayaking. Providing a fun day out with any activity you choose to do, each with their own dangers there are many companies that operate in the valley running fun days out for all. This is a classic white water kayaking river with paddlers that have kayaked all over the world still regarding it as one of their favourites on the grade 4/5 white water.</p><br>
<p>Kili Island or Kili Atoll  is an island of 0.93 km&sup2; located in the Marshall Islands. It is the temporary home of about 600 inhabitants who are descended from islanders who originally lived on Bikini Atoll. They were relocated when they agreed to let the USA government temporarily use their home for nuclear testing in 1945. Kili Island became their home after two prior relocations failed. The island does not have a natural lagoon and cannot produce enough food to enable the islanders to be self-sufficient. It is part of the legislative district of the Ralik Chain of the Marshall Islands. The island is approximately 48 km southwest of Jaluit. It is one of the smallest islands in the Marshall Islands.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Kili Atoll was claimed by the Empire of Germany along with the rest of the Marshall Islands in 1884. After World War I, the island came under the South Pacific Mandate of the Empire of Japan. Following the end of World War II, it came under the control of the United States as part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands.</p><br>
<h2>Bikini Atoll residents arrive</h2><br>
<p>Kili was uninhabited until November 2, 1948 when the United States government relocated the Bikini Atoll&#39;s indigenous population from Rongerik Atoll, where they had previously been relocated after their first relocation to Kwajalein Atoll failed. The islanders had consented to what they believed was temporary use of their island for nuclear tests. They thought they would be able to return to their island home within a few years.</p><br>
<p>On Kwajalein Atoll, the islanders were living in tents on a strip of grass alongside the airport runway. In June 1948 the Bikini residents chose Kili Island as a long-term home. The small island was uninhabited and wasn&#39;t ruled by a paramount king, or iroij. In June the Bikini community chose two dozen men to accompany eight Seabees to Kili to begin constructing a village. In November 1948, the residents, now totaling 184 individuals, moved to Kili Island, but soon learned that the new location was incompatible with their traditional diet and lifestyle based on lagoon fishing.</p><br>
<p>In 1957, the Bikini residents, without any legal representation, signed an agreement with the United States that gave the USA complete control of Bikini Atoll. The Bikini families also gave up the right for any future claims against the United States. In exchange, they received $25,000 in cash and an additional $300,000 trust fund that yielded a semi-annual interest payment of approximately $5,000, or about $15 per person per year. They were also given Kili Island and several islands in Jaluit Atoll.</p><br>
<h2>Limited sea access</h2><br>
<p>Kili cannot be reached by ship four months out of the year because of rough seas. The grass Kili Airport is served by Air Marshall Islands, although flights have been grounded when its aircraft are not operational, or when the runway is flooded by rising ocean.</p><br>
<h2>Food production</h2><br>
<p>Kili does not provide enough food for the transplanted residents. In 1949 the Trust Territory administration donated a 40 ft ship for transporting copra between Kili and Jaluit Atoll. But the ship was washed by heavy surf onto the Kili reef in 1951 and was lost.</p><br>
<p>The main agricultural product of the island is currently copra. Island produce consists of (in descending order of quantity) coconuts, limes, breadfruit, squash, bananas, papayas, and sugar cane. Fishing in the ocean around the island is difficult due to the lack of protection by a lagoon.</p><br>
<p>The small island, about 1/6 the size of Bikini Atoll which is 4 kilometers (2.5 mi) long, also suffers from overpopulation., the population is approximately 1000, composed primarily of descendants of refugees of Bikini. Residents must import food paid for by a settlement agreement with the United States government to supplement what they can grow locally.</p><br>
<p>Each family on the island receives 2-3 shipments a year consisting of 1-2 boxes of frozen chicken, 2-4 50-lb bags of flour, and 2-4 bags of rice; this shipment is provided by the Bikinian government in conjunction with the USA government. Imports are overseen by the Bikini Public Works Department, which also maintains houses and runs the power plant on the island. There is currently a government effort to increase farming on the island, but the coral reef soil is poor. However, there is a small farm that produces melons and some vegetables. There are several small stores operated out of homes that provide nonperishable food items such as salt, Tabasco, candy, and canned items.</p><br>
<p>Families on Kili live in cinderblock houses with air-conditioning and electricity. Most houses on Kili have kitchens, but many prefer to cook outdoors in cook-huts over an open flame.</p><br>
<h2>Climate change impact</h2><br>
<p>Beginning in 2011 the resettled residents of Kili Island began to experience periods of ocean flooding they attribute to global warming. The highest point of Kili Island is only 3 m above sea level. Ocean waves have covered portions of the island at least five times from 2011 to 2015, contaminating all of the wells on the island. The runway servicing the island is unusable during and after rains because it becomes extremely muddy. In August 2015, the Bikini Council passed a resolution requesting assistance from US government to modify terms of the Resettlement Trust Fund for the People of Bikini to be used for relocate the population once again, this time outside of the Marshall Islands.</p><br>
<h2>Churches and education</h2><br>
<p>Kili has two Christian churches: the Assembly of God and Protestant church. There is an elementary school on Kili for students from Kindergarten to eighth grade. There is a class for each age group, in addition to one class for students with special needs. Classes typically range in size from 6 to 18 students. Some of the teachers are native to Kili, some come from neighboring islands. In addition, the Dartmouth Volunteer Teaching Program has placed 2-4 American volunteer teachers at the school every year since 2002. The American volunteers stay and teach for one or more years. Toward the end of their eighth grade year, students must pass a standardized test to gain admission to public high school in Jaluit or Majuro.</p><br>
